Time-of-flight range imaging with a custom solid state image sensor

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Lange ◽  
Peter Seitz ◽  
Alice Biber ◽  
Rudolf Schwarte
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Image Sensor ◽  
Range Imaging ◽  
Flight Range

Algorithm and design improvements for indirect time of flight range imaging cameras

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Benjamin Mark Moffat Drayton
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Robotics ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Image Sensor ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Traditional Theory ◽  
Range Imaging ◽  
Motion Error ◽  
Flight Range

<p>This thesis describes the development of a compact and modularised indirect time of flight range imaging camera. These cameras commonly use the Amplitude Modulated Continuous Wave (AMCW) technique. For this technique, an entire scene is illuminated with light modulated at a high frequency. An image sensor is also modulated and the phase shift introduced between the two modulation signals, due to the transit time of the light reflecting off objects in the scene and returning to the camera, is used to measure the distance.  The system constructed for this thesis is controlled by a Cyclone III FPGA and is capable of producing full field of view range images in real time with no additional computational resources. A PMD19K-2 sensor is used as the modulatable image sensor, and is capable of modulation frequencies up to 40 MHz.  One significant issue identified with this range imaging technology is that the precision of the range measurements are often dependent on the properties of the object being measured. The dynamic range of the camera is therefore very important when imaging high contrast scenes. Variable Frame Rate Imaging is a novel technique that is developed as part of this thesis and is shown to have promise for addressing this issue. Traditional theory for indirect time of flight cameras is expanded to describe this technique and is experimentally verified. A comparison is made between this technique and traditional High Dynamic Range Imaging. Furthermore, this technique is extended to provide a constant precision measurement of a scene, regardless of the properties of the objects in the scene.  It is shown that the replacement of the standard phase detection algorithm with a different algorithm can both reduce the linearity error in the phase measurements caused by harmonics in the correlation waveform and ameliorate axial motion error caused by relative motion of the camera and the object being measured. The new algorithm requires a trivial increase in computational power over the standard algorithm and can be implemented without any significant changes to the standard hardware used in indirect time of flight cameras.  Finally, the complete system is evaluated in a number of real world scenarios. Applications in both 3D modelling and mobile robotics are demonstrated and tests are performed for a variety of scenarios including dynamic scenes using a Pioneer 2 robot.</p>

Algorithm and design improvements for indirect time of flight range imaging cameras

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Benjamin Mark Moffat Drayton
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Robotics ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Image Sensor ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Traditional Theory ◽  
Range Imaging ◽  
Motion Error ◽  
Flight Range

<p>This thesis describes the development of a compact and modularised indirect time of flight range imaging camera. These cameras commonly use the Amplitude Modulated Continuous Wave (AMCW) technique. For this technique, an entire scene is illuminated with light modulated at a high frequency. An image sensor is also modulated and the phase shift introduced between the two modulation signals, due to the transit time of the light reflecting off objects in the scene and returning to the camera, is used to measure the distance.  The system constructed for this thesis is controlled by a Cyclone III FPGA and is capable of producing full field of view range images in real time with no additional computational resources. A PMD19K-2 sensor is used as the modulatable image sensor, and is capable of modulation frequencies up to 40 MHz.  One significant issue identified with this range imaging technology is that the precision of the range measurements are often dependent on the properties of the object being measured. The dynamic range of the camera is therefore very important when imaging high contrast scenes. Variable Frame Rate Imaging is a novel technique that is developed as part of this thesis and is shown to have promise for addressing this issue. Traditional theory for indirect time of flight cameras is expanded to describe this technique and is experimentally verified. A comparison is made between this technique and traditional High Dynamic Range Imaging. Furthermore, this technique is extended to provide a constant precision measurement of a scene, regardless of the properties of the objects in the scene.  It is shown that the replacement of the standard phase detection algorithm with a different algorithm can both reduce the linearity error in the phase measurements caused by harmonics in the correlation waveform and ameliorate axial motion error caused by relative motion of the camera and the object being measured. The new algorithm requires a trivial increase in computational power over the standard algorithm and can be implemented without any significant changes to the standard hardware used in indirect time of flight cameras.  Finally, the complete system is evaluated in a number of real world scenarios. Applications in both 3D modelling and mobile robotics are demonstrated and tests are performed for a variety of scenarios including dynamic scenes using a Pioneer 2 robot.</p>

scholarly journals A power-saving modulation technique for time-of-flight range imaging sensors

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Conroy ◽  
Adrian A. Dorrington ◽  
Andrew D. Payne ◽  
Rainer Künnemeyer ◽  
Michael J. Cree
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Range Imaging ◽  
Modulation Technique ◽  
Flight Range ◽  
Imaging Sensors

scholarly journals Improved measurement linearity and precision for AMCW time-of-flight range imaging cameras

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (23) ◽  
pp. 4392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Payne ◽  
Adrian A. Dorrington ◽  
Michael J. Cree ◽  
Dale A. Carnegie
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Range Imaging ◽  
Flight Range

Solid-state time-of-flight range camera

2001 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lange ◽  
P. Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
State Time ◽  
Range Camera ◽  
Flight Range

Multispectral Time-of-Flight Range Imaging: Towards a 3.5 D Camera

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Merbold ◽  
Marc-Alexander Iten ◽  
Gion-Pol Catregn
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Range Imaging ◽  
Flight Range
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