scholarly journals Cryogen spray cooling of human skin: effects of ambient humidity level, spraying distance, and cryogen boiling point

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahman Anvari ◽  
Benjamin J. Ver Steeg ◽  
Thomas E. Milner ◽  
B. S. Tanenbaum ◽  
Travis J. Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Spray Cooling ◽  
Humidity Level ◽  
Ambient Humidity ◽  
Cryogen Spray Cooling

scholarly journals Evaluation of cryogen spray cooling exposure on in vitro model human skin

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bunsho Kao ◽  
Kristen M. Kelly ◽  
Guillermo Aguilar ◽  
Yoshiaki Hosaka ◽  
Ronald J. Barr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Spray Cooling ◽  
Cryogen Spray Cooling ◽  
Vitro Model

Effects of hypobaric pressure on human skin: Implications for cryogen spray cooling (Part II)

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Aguilar ◽  
Walfre Franco ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Lars O. Svaasand ◽  
J. Stuart Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Spray Cooling ◽  
Cryogen Spray Cooling ◽  
Cooling Part

scholarly journals Characterization of Cryogen Spray Cooling With Thin-Film Thermocouple

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wangcun Jia ◽  
Thang Nguyen ◽  
Jaskaran Gill ◽  
J. Stuart Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Thermal Contact ◽  
Spray Cooling ◽  
Dermatologic Surgery ◽  
Medical Laser ◽  
Cooling Period ◽  
Cryogen Spray Cooling

Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) has been used effectively to protect the epidermis during laser dermatologic surgery. However, the temperature reduction in human skin induced by CSC has not been reliably determined due to the short cooling period and significant temperature gradient in the skin. Therefore, CSC has not been optimized for different laser dermatologic surgery procedures. Although it would be desirable to measure in situ human skin temperature, embedding a sensor within 100 μm beneath the skin surface is not feasible. In addition, infrared skin temperature measurement is also not workable because the skin is covered with a cryogen layer of unknown thickness. In this study, we selected an epoxy which has similar thermal properties to that of human skin as our cooling target. Thin-film thermocouples (TFTC) were deposited directly onto the epoxy substrate using micro-fabrication techniques to minimize the thermal contact resistance between TFTC and the substrate. The negligible mass of TFTC also creates a minimal disturbance to heat flow across the surface. Due to the difference in thermoelectric property between thin film and leading wire, special sensor design and calibration procedures were developed. TFTC were calibrated from −46 to 50°C. The thermoelectric sensitivity is around 50–60% of that of bulk material. Skin phantom temperature reductions produced by a commercial medical laser nozzle at different spray durations were measured using the TFTC. The results not only help to elucidate the mechanisms involved in interaction between cryogen spray and human skin but also provide a thermal boundary condition for numerical modeling of laser dermatologic surgery.

Methodology for Characterizing Heat Removal Mechanism in Human Skin During Cryogen Spray Cooling

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 493-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian M. Pikkula ◽  
James W. Tunnell ◽  
Bahman Anvari
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Heat Removal ◽  
Spray Cooling ◽  
Removal Mechanism ◽  
Cryogen Spray Cooling

Comparative study of cryogen spray cooling with R-134a and R-404a: implications for laser treatment of dark human skin

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 041116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianhong Dai ◽  
Mohammad A. Yaseen ◽  
Parmeswaran Diagaradjane ◽  
David W. Chang ◽  
Bahman Anvari
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Laser Treatment ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Spray Cooling ◽  
Cryogen Spray Cooling ◽  
R 134A

Cryogen spray cooling in laser dermatology: Effects of ambient humidity and frost formation

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Majaron ◽  
Sol Kimel ◽  
Wim Verkruysse ◽  
Guillermo Aguilar ◽  
Karl Pope ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spray Cooling ◽  
Frost Formation ◽  
Ambient Humidity ◽  
Cryogen Spray Cooling ◽  
Laser Dermatology

scholarly journals Effect of ambient humidity on light transmittance through skin phantoms during cryogen spray cooling

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio C Ramirez-San-Juan ◽  
Bernard Choi ◽  
Walfre Franco ◽  
J Stuart Nelson ◽  
Guillermo Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Spray Cooling ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Ambient Humidity ◽  
Cryogen Spray Cooling

scholarly journals Cutaneous Effects of Cryogen Spray Cooling on In Vivo Human Skin

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1007-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLE DATRICE ◽  
JULIO RAMIREZ-SAN-JUAN ◽  
RONG ZHANG ◽  
AZIN MESHKINPOUR ◽  
GUILLERMO AGUILAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Spray Cooling ◽  
Cryogen Spray Cooling
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