Pre-design optical lens complexity estimation method

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stepan Ivanov ◽  
Kyuhwan Choi ◽  
Morozov Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method ◽  
Optical Lens ◽  
Complexity Estimation

scholarly journals Low Complexity Estimation Method of Rényi Entropy for Ergodic Sources

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Sik Kim
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Renyi Entropy ◽  
Rényi Entropy ◽  
Entropy Measure ◽  
General Representation ◽  
Iterative Estimation ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Complexity Estimation ◽  
Special Case

Since the entropy is a popular randomness measure, there are many studies for the estimation of entropies for given random samples. In this paper, we propose an estimation method of the Rényi entropy of order α . Since the Rényi entropy of order α is a generalized entropy measure including the Shannon entropy as a special case, the proposed estimation method for Rényi entropy can detect any significant deviation of an ergodic stationary random source’s output. It is shown that the expected test value of the proposed scheme is equivalent to the Rényi entropy of order α . After deriving a general representation of parameters of the proposed estimator, we discuss on the particular orders of Rényi entropy such as α → 1 , α = 1 / 2 , and α = 2 . Because the Rényi entropy of order 2 is the most popular one, we present an iterative estimation method for the application with stringent resource restrictions.

New Feasible Concepts of Aberration Correction for Realizing High-Resolution Electron Microscopes

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-203
Author(s):  
H. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Electron Wave ◽  
Optical Lens ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Rotationally Symmetric ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Imaging Performance ◽  
Acceleration Voltage

The imaging performance of the light optical lens systems has reached such a degree of perfection that nowadays numerical apertures of about 1 can be utilized. Compared to this state of development the objective lenses of electron microscopes are rather poor allowing at most usable apertures somewhat smaller than 10-2 . This severe shortcoming is due to the unavoidable axial chromatic and spherical aberration of rotationally symmetric electron lenses employed so far in all electron microscopes.The resolution of such electron microscopes can only be improved by increasing the accelerating voltage which shortens the electron wave length. Unfortunately, this procedure is rather ineffective because the achievable gain in resolution is only proportional to λ1/4 for a fixed magnetic field strength determined by the magnetic saturation of the pole pieces. Moreover, increasing the acceleration voltage results in deleterious knock-on processes and in extreme difficulties to stabilize the high voltage. Last not least the cost increase exponentially with voltage.

Coaches estimation method for the athletes (CEM)

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagykaldi Csaba ◽  
Manohar Singh Badhan
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method

Theoretical, methodological and practical issues of choice models

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
Bharat P. Bhatta
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Choice Models ◽  
Discrete Choice Models ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Model Formulation ◽  
Random Utility Maximization ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Method Model

This paper analyzes and synthesizes the fundamentals of discrete choice models. This paper alsodiscusses the basic concept and theory underlying the econometrics of discrete choice, specific choicemodels, estimation method, model building and tests, and applications of discrete choice models. Thiswork highlights the relationship between economic theory and discrete choice models: how economictheory contributes to choice modeling and vice versa. Keywords: Discrete choice models; Random utility maximization; Decision makers; Utility function;Model formulation

An Absolute Phase Estimation Method for Interferometry Imagery

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Sui Ping Lee ◽  
Yee Kit Chan ◽  
Tien Sze Lim
Keyword(s):  
Noise Suppression ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Phase Image ◽  
Phase Estimation ◽  
Phase Reconstruction ◽  
Estimation Algorithms ◽  
Absolute Phase ◽  
Filtering Rate ◽  
Interferometric Phase ◽  
Image Performance

Accurate interpretation of interferometric image requires an extremely challenging task based on actual phase reconstruction for incomplete noise observation. In spite of the establishment of comprehensive solutions, until now, a guaranteed means of solution method is yet to exist. The initially observed interferometric image is formed by 2π-periodic phase image that wrapped within (-π, π]. Such inverse problem is further corrupted by noise distortion and leads to the degradation of interferometric image. In order to overcome this, an effective algorithm that enables noise suppression and absolute phase reconstruction of interferometric phase image is proposed. The proposed method incorporates an improved order statistical filter that is able to adjust or vary on its filtering rate by adapting to phase noise level of relevant interferometric image. Performance of proposed method is evaluated and compared with other existing phase estimation algorithms. The comparison is based on a series of computer simulated and real interferometric data images. The experiment results illustrate the effectiveness and competency of the proposed method.

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