Study of high-transmission PSM for lithographic performance and defect control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuaki Matsui ◽  
Naoto Yonemaru ◽  
Yosuke Kojima ◽  
Tatsuya Nagatomo ◽  
Mitsuharu Yamana
Keyword(s):  
High Transmission ◽  
Defect Control

Implementing Room‐Temperature Fabrication of Flexible Amorphous Sn–Si–O TFTs via Defect Control

2021 ◽  
pp. 2002193
Author(s):  
Xianzhe Liu ◽  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
Yu‐Shien Shiah ◽  
Junghwan Kim ◽  
Honglong Ning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Defect Control

scholarly journals Genotyping cognate Plasmodium falciparum in humans and mosquitoes to estimate onward transmission of asymptomatic infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey M. Sumner ◽  
Elizabeth Freedman ◽  
Lucy Abel ◽  
Andrew Obala ◽  
Brian W. Pence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Asymptomatic Malaria ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
High Transmission ◽  
Transmission Reduction ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections ◽  
Infection Types ◽  
Natural Settings

AbstractMalaria control may be enhanced by targeting reservoirs of Plasmodium falciparum transmission. One putative reservoir is asymptomatic malaria infections and the scale of their contribution to transmission in natural settings is not known. We assess the contribution of asymptomatic malaria to onward transmission using a 14-month longitudinal cohort of 239 participants in a high transmission site in Western Kenya. We identify P. falciparum in asymptomatically- and symptomatically-infected participants and naturally-fed mosquitoes from their households, genotype all parasites using deep sequencing of the parasite genes pfama1 and pfcsp, and use haplotypes to infer participant-to-mosquito transmission through a probabilistic model. In 1,242 infections (1,039 in people and 203 in mosquitoes), we observe 229 (pfcsp) and 348 (pfama1) unique parasite haplotypes. Using these to link human and mosquito infections, compared with symptomatic infections, asymptomatic infections more than double the odds of transmission to a mosquito among people with both infection types (Odds Ratio: 2.56; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.36–4.81) and among all participants (OR 2.66; 95% CI: 2.05–3.47). Overall, 94.6% (95% CI: 93.1–95.8%) of mosquito infections likely resulted from asymptomatic infections. In high transmission areas, asymptomatic infections are the major contributor to mosquito infections and may be targeted as a component of transmission reduction.

scholarly journals Vacancy defect control of colossal thermopower in FeSb2

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qianheng Du ◽  
Lijun Wu ◽  
Huibo Cao ◽  
Chang-Jong Kang ◽  
Christie Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phonon Scattering ◽  
Vacancy Defect ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
First Principle Calculation ◽  
Conducting Path ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Vacancy Ordering ◽  
Defect Control ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Monoclinic Distortion

AbstractIron diantimonide is a material with the highest known thermoelectric power. By combining scanning transmission electron microscopic study with electronic transport neutron, X-ray scattering, and first principle calculation, we identify atomic defects that control colossal thermopower magnitude and nanoprecipitate clusters with Sb vacancy ordering, which induce additional phonon scattering and substantially reduce thermal conductivity. Defects are found to cause rather weak but important monoclinic distortion of the unit cell Pnnm → Pm. The absence of Sb along [010] for high defect concentration forms conducting path due to Fe d orbital overlap. The connection between atomic defect anisotropy and colossal thermopower in FeSb2 paves the way for the understanding and tailoring of giant thermopower in related materials.

Dielectric hole lattice for terahertz diffractive optics with high transmission

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Headland ◽  
Withawat Withayachumnankul ◽  
Michael Webb ◽  
Aditi Upadhyay ◽  
Madhu Bhaskaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffractive Optics ◽  
High Transmission

scholarly journals Effectiveness of a national mass distribution campaign of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying on clinical malaria in Malawi, 2018–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. e005447
Author(s):  
Hillary M Topazian ◽  
Austin Gumbo ◽  
Katerina Brandt ◽  
Michael Kayange ◽  
Jennifer S Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
District Health ◽  
High Transmission ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Mass Distribution Campaign ◽  
Distribution Campaign

IntroductionMalawi’s malaria burden is primarily assessed via cross-sectional national household surveys. However, malaria is spatially and temporally heterogenous and no analyses have been performed at a subdistrict level throughout the course of a year. The WHO recommends mass distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs) every 3 years, but a national longitudinal evaluation has never been conducted in Malawi to determine LLIN effectiveness lifespans.MethodsUsing District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) health facility data, available from January 2018 to June 2020, we assessed malaria risk before and after a mass distribution campaign, stratifying by age group and comparing risk differences (RDs) by LLIN type or annual application of indoor residual spraying (IRS).Results711 health facilities contributed 20 962 facility reports over 30 months. After national distribution of 10.7 million LLINs and IRS in limited settings, malaria risk decreased from 25.6 to 16.7 cases per 100 people from 2018 to 2019 high transmission seasons, and rebounded to 23.2 in 2020, resulting in significant RDs of −8.9 in 2019 and −2.4 in 2020 as compared with 2018. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO)-treated LLINs were more effective than pyrethroid-treated LLINs, with adjusted RDs of −2.3 (95% CI −2.7 to −1.9) and −1.5 (95% CI −2.0 to −1.0) comparing 2019 and 2020 high transmission seasons to 2018. Use of IRS sustained protection with adjusted RDs of −1.4 (95% CI −2.0 to −0.9) and −2.8% (95% CI −3.5 to −2.2) relative to pyrethroid-treated LLINs. Overall, 12 of 28 districts (42.9%) experienced increases in malaria risk in from 2018 to 2020.ConclusionLLINs in Malawi have a limited effectiveness lifespan and IRS and PBO-treated LLINs perform better than pyrethroid-treated LLINs, perhaps due to net repurposing and insecticide-resistance. DHIS2 provides a compelling framework in which to examine localised malaria trends and evaluate ongoing interventions.

Defect Control for High‐Efficiency Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 Solar Cells by Atomic Layer Deposition of Al 2 O 3 on Precursor Film

Solar RRL ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 2100181
Author(s):  
Yali Sun ◽  
Pengfei Qiu ◽  
Siyu Wang ◽  
Hongling Guo ◽  
Rutao Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Atomic Layer Deposition ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Atomic Layer ◽  
Precursor Film ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Defect Control
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