Detection of trinitrotoluene in the open atmosphere by differential reception and scattering

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerik Ayrapetyan ◽  
Alexander V. Makeev
Keyword(s):  
Open Atmosphere

scholarly journals On the relative attractions of sulphuric acid for water, under particular circumstances: with suggestion of means of improving the ordinary process of manufacturing sulphuric acid

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 81-82
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Chemical Affinity ◽  
Dilute Acid ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Open Atmosphere ◽  
Series Of Experiments

The object of the inquiry detailed in the present paper is to determine at what degree of concentration the affinity of sulphuric acid for aqueous vapour is equal to that of anhydrous space for the same vapour at given temperatures. It has long been known that concentrated sulphuric acid abstracts moisture from the atmosphere, but the amount and the rate of this absorption have never been ascertained with accuracy; and consequently, in applying this acid to purposes of exsiccation, the experimenter has often been at a loss to know whether the acid was sufficiently strong to render the space in which it was confined perfectly anhydrous. By placing portions of the acid, previously weighed, and diluted with known quantities of water, under the receiver of an air-pump, with equal portions of concentrated acid, of the specific gravity 1·8428, in similar dishes, the author ascertained that the dilute acid could be concentrated to the specific gravity 1·814, at a temperature varying from 65° to 57°: whence he concludes that acid of such strength is capable of drying a vacuum when the temperature does not exceed 57°. By making similar experiments in air, the author compared together the weights lost by ten grains of dilute sulphuric acid of the specific gravity 1·135, at three different periods of the day for six days, taking note of the dew-point and the temperature; and infers that when the affinity of space for vapour, or the evaporating force, is equal to 0·15 of an inch of mercury, it is just able to balance the affinity for water of sulphuric acid of the specific gravity 1·249. The author next instituted a series of experiments to ascertain whether the evaporation of water from dilute sulphuric acid is capable of being carried on to the same extent in air as in vacuo, and found that the evaporating force of air exerted upon such acid is less than that of a vacuum at the same temperature. He observes that his experiments offer conclusive evidence that the evaporation of water is not owing to the existence of a chemical affinity between the vapour of the liquid and atmospheric air; but thinks that they favour the notion that the obstruction to this process in the open atmosphere is rather owing to the pressure than to the inertiæ of the particles of air. He is also of opinion that improvements will hereafter arise from this inquiry with regard to the economical management of the process of manufacturing sulphuric acid, which process would be greatly expedited by the regulated admission of steam into the condensing chambers kept at a constant high temperature.

scholarly journals Measurements in Solid Propellant Plumes at Ambient Conditions

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan L. Height ◽  
Burl A. Donaldson ◽  
Walter Gill ◽  
Christian G. Parigger
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Solid Propellant ◽  
Aluminum Particle ◽  
Burning Surface ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Aluminum Particles ◽  
Open Atmosphere ◽  
Particle Ignition ◽  
Accident Scenarios ◽  
Color Pyrometer

The study of aluminum particle ignition in an open atmosphere propellant burn is of particular interest when considering accident scenarios for rockets carrying high-value payloads. This study investigates the temperature of an open atmosphere Atlas V solid propellant burn as a function of height from the burning surface. Two instruments were used to infer this temperature: a two-color pyrometer and a spectrometer. The spectra were fitted to a model of energy states for aluminum monoxide. The temperature which provided the best match between the model and data was taken as the reaction temperature. Emissions above 30 inches from the surface of the propellant were not sufficiently strong for data reduction, perhaps obscured by the alumina smoke cloud. The temperature distribution in the plume increased slightly with distance from the burning surface, presumably indicating the delay in ignition and heat release from the larger aluminum particles in the propellant. The pyrometer and spectrometer results were found to be in excellent agreement indicating plume temperatures in the range of 2300K to 3000K.

Multiple Reflow Influence over the FeCoCrAlTiCuNiMo Coating Obtained by Plasma Metallization on its Wear Resistance under Dry Friction

2021 ◽  
Vol 410 ◽  
pp. 475-481
Author(s):  
Anvar M. Kadyrmetov ◽  
Dmitri A. Popov ◽  
Yevgeny V. Snyatkov
Keyword(s):  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Dry Friction ◽  
Sliding Friction ◽  
Plasma Jet ◽  
Dry Sliding ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Open Atmosphere ◽  
Multicomponent Coating ◽  
Dry Sliding Friction

The article presents the research results of the plasma jet multiple reflow effect over the multicomponent coating FeCoCrAlTiCuNiMo, obtained by plasma metallization in an open atmosphere, on its wear resistance under dry sliding friction. The research results indirectly confirm the influence of the coating entropy over the wear resistance increasing along of the reflow number growth.

the emission; this is the entrance of the airborne pollutants into the open atmosphere. The local position of this entrance is the emission source, - the transmission, including all phenomena of transport, dispersion and dilution in the open atmosphere, - the immission; this is the entrance of the pollutant into an acceptor. As we are regarding odoriferous pollutants, the immisson is their entrance into a human nose. About air pollution from industrial emission sources, i.g. S02 from power plants, a wide knowledge is available, including sophisticated methods of emission measurement, atmospheric diffusion calculation and measurement of immission concentration in the ambient air. In most countries we have complete national legal regulations, concerning limitation of air contaminent emissions, calculation of stack height and at least evaluation and determination of maximum inmission values. Within this situation the question arises, whether these wellproved methods and devices are suitable for agricultural odour emissions from agricultural sources too. It is well known that all calculations and values, established in air pollution control, are based on large sets of data, obtained by a multitude of experiments and observations. The attempt to apply these established dispersion models to agricultural emission sources, leads to unreasonable results. A comparison in table 1 shows that the large scale values of industrial air pollutions, on which the established dispersion models are based, are too different from those in agriculture. In order to modify the existing dispersion models or to design other types of models, we need the corresponding sets of observations and of experimental data, adequate to the typical agricultural conditions. There are already a lot of investigations to measure odour at the source and in the ambient air. But we all know about the reliability of those measurements and about the difficulties to quantify these results adequate to a computer model calculating the relation between emission and immision depending on various influences and parameters. So we decided to supplement the odour measurements by tracer gas measurements easy to realise with high accuracy. The aim is to get the necessary sets of experimental data for the modification of existing dispersion models for agricultural conditions. 2. INSTRUMENTAL 2.1 EMISSION the published guideline VDI 3881 /2-4/ describes, how to measure odour emissions for application in dispersion models. Results obtained by this method have to be completed with physical data like flow rates etc. As olfactometric odour threshold determination is rather expensive, it is supplemented with tracer gas emissions, easy to quantify. In the mobile tracer gas emission source, fig. 2, up to 50 kg propane per hour are diluted with up to 1 000 m3 air per hour. This blend is blown into the open atmosphere. The dilution device, including the fan, can be seperated from the trailer and mounted at any place, e.g. on top of a roof to simulate the exaust of a pig house or in the middle of a field to simulate undisturbed air flow. 2.2 TRANSMISSION For safety reasons, propane concentration at the source is always below the lower ignition concentration of 2,1 %. As the specific gravity of this emitted propane-air-blend is very close to that of pure air (difference less than 0,2%) and as flow parameters can be chosen in a wide range, we assume

1986 ◽  
pp. 114-114
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Emission Source ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Dispersion Models ◽  
Tracer Gas ◽  
Open Atmosphere ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Odour Emissions

Morphological variations in flame-deposited diamond

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Frey ◽  
A. Tamhane ◽  
J.H.D. Rebello ◽  
S.A. Dregia ◽  
V.V. Subramaniam
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Position ◽  
Vertical Coordinate ◽  
Open Atmosphere ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
First Time

An oxy-acetylene flame, impinging vertically upward on an Si(001) substrate, is systematically examined for morphological variations in the resulting diamond deposits. The flame is operated under near neutral (O2/C2H2 ratio near 1.0) conditions in the unconfined, open atmosphere. Singly twinned crystal morphologies in addition to the usual (001) faceted structures are observed and reported for the first time. Similar morphological variations are observed along the radial as well as the axial (vertical) coordinate directions in the flame. Large changes in morphology are observed for changes in vertical position as small as 50 μm.

scholarly journals Does Sense make sense? Mixed methods study of a Dutch sexual health program

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Joosten ◽  
L Jochems ◽  
C Wijsen ◽  
T Heijman ◽  
A Timen
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Young People ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Open Atmosphere ◽  
Study Results

Abstract In the Netherlands, the Sense program addresses several key elements of sexual health for young people <25 year. This program offers free consultations at the PHS concerning STI, contraceptives, pregnancy or sexuality. The performance of this program has not been studied yet. This mixed methods study investigates facilitators and barriers of a Sense consultation from the perspective of clients and health care professionals (HCP) and investigates the outcome of the consultation at three points in time. Semi-structured interviews were conducted after consultation among 16 clients and 6 HCP. Questionnaires were collected directly after consultation and at 3, 6 and 12 months after consultation. Two cohorts were recruited; clients with STI consultation only and clients with questions related to sexuality, contraception and pregnancy (Sense consultation, SC). Satisfaction of the consultation and applicability of the given advice was measured. In the follow up presence of STI, pregnancy, sexual problem and contraceptive use was measured. A minority of the interviewed clients were familiar with Sense, highly valued the expertise of the HCP and the open atmosphere during the consultation. Reasons for visiting Sense included expertise, more anonymity and feeling more comfortable than at the GP. The questionnaire after consultation was returned by 144 STI clients and 32 SC clients. Both type of consultation were highly valued and advice was easily applicable. The follow up cohort included 97 STI clients and 23 SC clients. Response rate of the 3- and 6 month-questionnaires was 61%. Results of the full one year follow-up are expected in September 2019. Study results provide evidence for a highly valued Sense program, by both clients and HCP. Sense is a platform to discuss STI, contraception and sexuality in an open atmosphere, though familiarity with Sense is low. A major conclusion is that an STI consultation provides the opportunity to address questions related to sexuality. Key messages The Sense program is highly valued by young people, and yet the program is not widely known among young people. There is need for more publicity to the program to enable more young people to use this program and to improve the sexual health care of young Dutch people.

ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium-Catalyzed Regioselective Oxidative Coupling of Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Esters with Alkenes under an Open Atmosphere.

ChemInform ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (45) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
Kishor Padala ◽  
Sandeep Pimparkar ◽  
Padmaja Madasamy ◽  
Masilamani Jeganmohan
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Coupling ◽  
Open Atmosphere

Interferometric displacement sensing in the open atmosphere

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 158-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyoshi Itoh ◽  
Yoshihiro Ohtsuka
Keyword(s):  
Open Atmosphere
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