Robustness improvement in imaging based overlay metrology for high topography layers by Talbot targets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Watson ◽  
Shlomit Katz ◽  
Richard Housley ◽  
Kar Wui Thong ◽  
Roy Nikhil Aditya Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Topography

scholarly journals Extreme Temperature Variability over High Topography

2012 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shafiqur Rehman ◽  
Luai M. Al-Hadhrami ◽  
Mohammed A. Mohandes
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
High Topography

scholarly journals The Influence of Atmospheric Rivers over the South Atlantic on Winter Rainfall in South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Blamey ◽  
A. M. Ramos ◽  
R. M. Trigo ◽  
R. Tomé ◽  
C. J. C. Reason
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers ◽  
The North ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Topographic Barriers ◽  
High Topography

Abstract A climatology of atmospheric rivers (ARs) impinging on the west coast of South Africa (29°–34.5°S) during the austral winter months (April–September) was developed for the period 1979–2014 using an automated detection algorithm and two reanalysis products as input. The two products show relatively good agreement, with 10–15 persistent ARs (lasting 18 h or longer) occurring on average per winter and nearly two-thirds of these systems occurring poleward of 35°S. The relationship between persistent AR activity and winter rainfall is demonstrated using South African Weather Service rainfall data. Most stations positioned in areas of high topography contained the highest percentage of rainfall contributed by persistent ARs, whereas stations downwind, to the east of the major topographic barriers, had the lowest contributions. Extreme rainfall days in the region are also ranked by their magnitude and spatial extent. The results suggest that although persistent ARs are important contributors to heavy rainfall events, they are not necessarily a prerequisite. It is found that around 70% of the top 50 daily winter rainfall extremes in South Africa were in some way linked to ARs (both persistent and nonpersistent). Overall, the findings of this study support similar investigations on ARs in the North Atlantic and North Pacific.

Elevation of the Gangdese Mountains and Their Simulated Impacts on Asian Climate during the Late Cretaceous

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Yonggang Liu ◽  
Xiaomin Fang ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Chenguang Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Aridity Index ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Climate Indicators ◽  
Community Earth System Model ◽  
Paleoenvironmental Evolution ◽  
High Topography

<p>The Tibetan Plateau has a significant impact on the Asian climate due to its high topography. However, its uplift history, especially the uplift of the Gangdese Mountains in its early stage, is under intense debate. Most quantitative reconstructions are done for the Cenozoic only, impeding our understanding of the geodynamic and paleoenvironmental evolution during the Cretaceous. How high would the Gangdese Mountains be then, and what effects would they have on Asian climate? In order to explore these two questions, here we model the impacts of the Gangdese Mountains on the Asian climate during the Late Cretaceous by employing the Community Earth System Model version 1.2.2. It is found that the extent of dry land in East Asia is sensitive to the altitude of the Gangdese Mountains; it expands eastwards and southwards with the rise of the mountain range, which is due to the fact that the Gangdese Mountains can significantly reduce the precipitation over the low- to mid-latitude Asia. We then attempt to constrain their paleoaltitude using the available climate indicators in the sediments. The aridity index is further calculated for this region, and its comparison with the climate records suggests that Gangdese Mountains should be higher than 1 km but lower than 3 km during the Late Cretaceous, most likely ~2 km.</p>

Spray coating of PMMA for pattern transfer via electron beam lithography on surfaces with high topography

2011 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 2030-2032 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Linden ◽  
Ch. Thanner ◽  
B. Schaaf ◽  
S. Wolff ◽  
B. Lägel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Pattern Transfer ◽  
High Topography

The dynamics and impact of compositionally originating provinces in a mantle convection model featuring rheologically obtained plates

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (3) ◽  
pp. 1700-1716
Author(s):  
Sean M Langemeyer ◽  
Julian P Lowman ◽  
Paul J Tackley
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Velocity Field ◽  
Mantle Convection ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Thermal Structure ◽  
Dense Material ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Mantle Component ◽  
High Topography

SUMMARY Previous geodynamic studies have indicated that the presence of a compositionally anomalous and intrinsically dense (CAID) mantle component can impact both core heat flux and surface features, such as plate velocity, number and size. Implementing spherical annulus geometry mantle convection models, we investigate the influence of intrinsically dense material in the lower mantle on core heat flux and the surface velocity field. The dense component is introduced into a system that features an established plate-like surface velocity field, and subsequently we analyse the evolution of the surface velocity as well as the interior thermal structure of the mantle. The distribution and mobility of the CAID material is investigated by varying its buoyancy ratio relative to the ambient mantle (ranging from 0.7 to 1.5), its total volume (3.5–10 per cent of the mantle volume) and its intrinsic viscosity (0.01–100 times the ambient mantle viscosity). We find at least three distinct distributions of the dense material can occur adjacent to the core–mantle boundary (CMB), including multiple piles of varying topography, a core enveloping layer and two diametrically opposed provinces (which can on occasion break into three distinct piles). The latter distribution mimics the morphology of the seismically observed large low shear wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs) and can occur over the entire range of CAID material viscosities. However, diametrically opposed provinces occur primarily in cases with CAID material buoyancy numbers of 0.7–0.85 (corresponding to contrasts in density between ambient and CAID material of 130 and 160 kg m−3, respectively) in our model (with an effective Rayleigh number of order 106). Steep and high topography piles are also obtained for cases featuring buoyancy ratios of 0.85 and viscosities 10–100 times that of the ambient mantle. An increase in relative density, as well as larger volumes of CAID material, lead to the development of a core enveloping layer. Our findings show that when two provinces are present core heat flux can be reduced by up to 50 per cent relative to cases in which CAID material is absent. Surface deformation quantified by Plateness is minimally influenced by variation of the properties of the dense material. Surface velocity is found to be reduced in general but mostly substantially in cases featuring high CAID material viscosities and large volumes (i.e. 10 per cent) or buoyancy ratios.

scholarly journals The Mantle Transition Zone in Fennoscandia: Enigmatic High Topography Without Deep Mantle Thermal Anomaly

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 3652-3662
Author(s):  
Anna Makushkina ◽  
Benoît Tauzin ◽  
Hrvoje Tkalčić ◽  
Hans Thybo
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Thermal Anomaly ◽  
Mantle Transition Zone ◽  
Deep Mantle ◽  
High Topography
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