Recent developments in wireless recording from the nervous system with ultrasonic neural dust (Conference Presentation)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel M. Maharbiz
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Wireless Recording

scholarly journals Molecular Modeling of Histamine Receptors—Recent Advances in Drug Discovery

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1778
Author(s):  
Pakhuri Mehta ◽  
Przemysław Miszta ◽  
Sławomir Filipek
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Modeling ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Histamine Receptors ◽  
Experimental Characterization ◽  
Complex Disorders ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
Recent Developments

The recent developments of fast reliable docking, virtual screening and other algorithms gave rise to discovery of many novel ligands of histamine receptors that could be used for treatment of allergic inflammatory disorders, central nervous system pathologies, pain, cancer and obesity. Furthermore, the pharmacological profiles of ligands clearly indicate that these receptors may be considered as targets not only for selective but also for multi-target drugs that could be used for treatment of complex disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, analysis of protein-ligand recognition in the binding site of histamine receptors and also other molecular targets has become a valuable tool in drug design toolkit. This review covers the period 2014–2020 in the field of theoretical investigations of histamine receptors mostly based on molecular modeling as well as the experimental characterization of novel ligands of these receptors.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and anosmia: The story so far

2021 ◽  
pp. 014556132110489
Author(s):  
Xiangming Meng ◽  
Yuandan Pan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Olfactory Testing ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Underlying Diseases

Objectives The pandemic has affected over 182 million coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases worldwide. Accumulated evidence indicates that anosmia is one of the significant characteristics of COVID-19 with a high prevalence. However, many aspects of COVID-19-induced anosmia are still far from being fully understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent developments in COVID-19-induced anosmia to increase awareness of the condition. Methods A literature search was carried out using the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus. We reviewed the latest literature on COVID-19-induced anosmia, including mechanisms of pathogenesis, olfactory testing, anosmia as predictive tool, pathological examinations, imaging findings, affected factors, co-existing diseases, treatments, prognosis, hypothesis theories, and future directions. Results The possible pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced anosmia may involve inflammation of the olfactory clefts and damage to the olfactory epithelium or olfactory central nervous system by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The D614G spike variant may also play a role in the increased number of anosmia patients. Anosmia may also be an essential indicator of COVID-19 spread and an early indicator of the effectiveness of political decisions. The occurrence and development of COVID-19-induced anosmia may be influenced by smoking behaviors and underlying diseases such as type 2 diabetes, gastroesophageal disorders, and rhinitis. Most patients with COVID-19-induced anosmia can fully or partially recover their olfactory function for varying durations. COVID-19-induced anosmia can be treated with various approaches such as glucocorticoids and olfactory training. Conclusion Anosmia is one of the main features of COVID-19 and the underlying disease of the patient may also influence its occurrence and development. The possible pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced anosmia is very complicated, which may involve inflammation of the olfactory clefts and damage to the olfactory epithelium or olfactory central nervous system.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in Microfluidic Technologies for Central Nervous System Targeted Studies

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 542
Author(s):  
Maria Inês Teixeira ◽  
Maria Helena Amaral ◽  
Paulo C. Costa ◽  
Carla M. Lopes ◽  
Dimitrios A. Lamprou
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cns Delivery ◽  
Reproducible Manner

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) bear a lot of weight in public health. By studying the properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its fundamental interactions with the central nervous system (CNS), it is possible to improve the understanding of the pathological mechanisms behind these disorders and create new and better strategies to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency, such as nanocarriers. Microfluidics is an intersectional field with many applications. Microfluidic systems can be an invaluable tool to accurately simulate the BBB microenvironment, as well as develop, in a reproducible manner, drug delivery systems with well-defined physicochemical characteristics. This review provides an overview of the most recent advances on microfluidic devices for CNS-targeted studies. Firstly, the importance of the BBB will be addressed, and different experimental BBB models will be briefly discussed. Subsequently, microfluidic-integrated BBB models (BBB/brain-on-a-chip) are introduced and the state of the art reviewed, with special emphasis on their use to study NDs. Additionally, the microfluidic preparation of nanocarriers and other compounds for CNS delivery has been covered. The last section focuses on current challenges and future perspectives of microfluidic experimentation.

A hypothesis: CRISPR-Cas as a minimal cognitive system

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidetaka Yakura
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Functional Components

Concerning what signifies the minimal requirements for a process to be designated cognitive, various criteria have been proposed, but the problem has not been settled. The important thing to consider in establishing the criteria is which criterion has stronger explanatory power. Recent developments in immunology demonstrate that the immune system is omnipresent in the realm of living beings, including bacteria and archaea. Although the structural characteristics of immune systems are significantly different among species, the fundamental functional components, namely, recognition, information integration, reaction, and memory, are well conserved. Interestingly, these adaptive features are superimposed on those of the central nervous system. Given that adaptive cognitive ability is a prerequisite for the existence and the survival of living organisms, these results may be compatible with the idea that in bacteria without an apparent nervous system, the immune system performs neural-like functions. The presence of the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated protein (Cas) systems as a cognitive system in the earliest living organisms suggests that one of the fundamental functions is conserved throughout evolution. Furthermore, this interpretation can evade the critiques against the current biological paradigm that demand that cognitive mechanisms be preceded by organisms in the earlier stages of evolution, thus providing better and stronger explanatory power. I thus propose that genetic and biochemical machinery represented by the bacterial immune system serves as a minimal cognitive system.

scholarly journals Evolutionary convergence and biologically embodied cognition

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 20160123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred A. Keijzer
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Animal Cognition ◽  
Philosophy Of Biology ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Mental Context ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Nervous System Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Convergence

The study of evolutionary patterns of cognitive convergence would be greatly helped by a clear demarcation of cognition. Cognition is often used as an equivalent of mind, making it difficult to pin down empirically or to apply it confidently beyond the human condition. Recent developments in embodied cognition and philosophy of biology now suggest an interpretation that dissociates cognition from this mental context. Instead, it anchors cognition in a broad range of biological cases of intelligence, provisionally marked by a basic cognitive toolkit. This conception of cognition as an empirically based phenomenon provides a suitable and greatly expanded domain for studies of evolutionary convergence. This paper first introduces this wide, biologically embodied interpretation of cognition. Second, it discusses examples drawn from studies on bacteria, plants and fungi that all provide cases fulfilling the criteria for this wide interpretation. Third, the field of early nervous system evolution is used to illustrate how biologically embodied cognition raises new fundamental questions for research on animal cognition. Finally, an outline is given of the implications for the evolutionary convergence of cognition.

scholarly journals Recent developments in cell-based ENS regeneration – a short review

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Florian Obermayr ◽  
Guido Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cell Sources

AbstractTherapeutic options to treat neurogenic motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are usually limited to symptomatic treatment. The capacity of the enteric nervous system (ENS) to regenerate and the fact that progenitor cells of the enteric nervous system reside in the postnatal and adult gut led to the idea to develop cell-based strategies to treat ENS related disorders. This short review focuses on recent developments in cell-based ENS regeneration, discussing advantages and disadvantages of various cell sources, functional impact of transplanted cells and highlights the challenges of translation of small animal studies to human application.

Recent Developments in Drug Delivery to the Nervous System

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusica Maysinger ◽  
Radoslav Savic ◽  
Joseph Tam ◽  
Christine Allen ◽  
Adi Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Recent Developments

scholarly journals Pain Perception and Response: Central Nervous System Mechanisms

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur J. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Magnetic Imaging ◽  
Nociceptive Pathways ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Autonomic Motor ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pathological Pain ◽  
Noxious Stimuli

ABSTRACT:Although several decades of studies have detailed peripheral and ascending nociceptive pathways to the thalamus and cerebral cortex, pain is a symptom that has remained difficult to characterize anatomically and physiologically. Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) have recently demonstrated a number of cerebral and brain stem loci responding to cutaneous noxious stimuli. However, intersubject variability, both in the frequency and increased or decreased intensity of the responses, has caused uncertainty as to their significance. Nevertheless, the large number of available imaging studies have shown that many areas with recognized functions are frequently affected by painful stimuli. With this evidence and recent developments in tracing central nervous system connections between areas responding to noxious stimuli, it is possible to identify nociceptive pathways that are within, or contribute to, afferent spinothalamo-cortical sensory and efferent skeletomotor and autonomic motor systems. In this study it is proposed that cortical and nuclear mechanisms for pain perception and response are hierarchically arranged with the prefrontal cortex at its highest level. Nevertheless, all components make particular contributions without which certain nociceptive failures can occur, as in pathological pain arising in some cases of nervous system injury.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document