Diffuse optical systems and methods to image physiological changes of the brain in response to focal TBI (Conference Presentation)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Abookasis ◽  
Boris Volkov ◽  
Itamar Kofman
Keyword(s):  
Optical Systems ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
The Brain

Environments, Past and Present

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Duckworth ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Flight Response ◽  
Fight Or Flight Response ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fight Or Flight

For more than a century, scientists have known that acute stress activates the fight-or-flight response. When your life is on the line, your body reacts instantly: your heart races, your breath quickens, and a cascade of hormones sets off physiological changes that collectively improve your odds of survival. More recently, scientists have come to understand that the fight-or-flight response takes a toll on the brain and the body—particularly when stress is chronic rather than acute. Systems designed to handle transient threats also react to stress that occurs again and again, for weeks, months, or years. It turns out that poverty, abuse, and other forms of adversity repeatedly activate the fight-or-flight response, leading to long-term effects on the immune system and brain, which in turn increase the risk for an array of illnesses, including asthma, diabetes, arthritis, depression, and cardiovascular disease. Pioneering neuroscientist Bruce McEwen called this burden of chronic stress “allostatic load.”

scholarly journals Functional Implications of Changes in the Senescent Brain: A Review

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H.M. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Dopaminergic Systems ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
The Brain

SUMMARY:The morphological, chemical, and physiological changes in the brain accompanying old age are reviewed. The deterioration of the striatal and hypothalamic dopaminergic systems were implicated in the onset of age related Parkinsonian-like slowing of performance and altered affect. Cholinergic hippocampal and neocortical systems were chemically and physiologically abnormal in the aged. The implications for slowed cognitive processing and persistance of the memory trace are presented.

Hyperdipsia in rats after electrolytic lesions of nucleus medianus

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (2) ◽  
pp. R214-R223 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Gardiner ◽  
E. M. Stricker
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Elevated Water ◽  
Fluid Losses ◽  
The Brain

Ablation of the ventral portion of nucleus medianus (vNM) in rats produced a temporary adipsia or hypodipsia that was accompanied by pronounced urinary fluid losses. When ad libitum drinking resumed, about half of the brain-damaged animals became hyperdipsic, exhibiting chronic two- to threefold elevations in their daily water intakes during the nocturnal hours of the day-night cycle. Rats that remained normodipsic after vNM ablation usually exhibited hyperdipsia if they were food-deprived overnight. The basis for the hyperdipsia produced by vNM ablation was not clear. The elevated water intakes appeared not to result from chronic urinary fluid losses, because hyperdipsic rats were able to concentrate their urine during the day, when they drank little. Moreover, the animals did not seem to be volume depleted; their plasma renin activities were not elevated, and they drank normally in association with meals. These and other findings suggest that vNM lesions damage neural substrates that control drinking behavior, and the hyperdipsia results from this rather than from physiological changes produced by the lesion.

Electro-physiological changes in the brain induced by caffeine or glucose nasal spray

2016 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
K De Pauw ◽  
B Roelands ◽  
J Van Cutsem ◽  
U Marusic ◽  
T Torbeyns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Spray ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
The Brain

Imaging cellular dynamics using scanning laser confocal microscopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
M.S. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Laser Beam ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Scanning Laser ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Incident Laser ◽  
Laser Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Image Planes

In recent years, the ability to image morphological dynamics and physiological changes in living cells and tissues has been greatly advanced by the advent of scanning laser confocal microscopy. Confocal microscopes employ optical systems in which both the condenser and objective lenses are focused onto a single volume element of the specimen. In practice, galvanometer-driven mirrors or acousto-optical deflectors are used to scan a laser beam over the specimen in a raster-like fashion through an epifluorescence microscope. The incident laser beam, as well as the collected fluorescent light, are passed through pinhole or slit apertures in image planes that are conjugate to the plane of the specimen. This method of illumination and detection prevents fluorescent light which is generated above and below the plane-of-focus from impinging on the imaging system's photodetector, thus rejecting much of the fluorescent light which normally blurs the image of a three-dimensional fluorescent specimen.

scholarly journals Increased expression of both short and long forms of prolactin receptor mRNA in hypothalamic nuclei of lactating rats

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
XJ Pi ◽  
DR Grattan
Keyword(s):  
Short Form ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Receptor Mrna ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Hypothalamic Nuclei ◽  
Long Form ◽  
The Brain

This study investigated expression of prolactin receptor (PRL-R) mRNA in selected hypothalamic nuclei of lactating rats (days 7-10 post partum) compared with dioestrous rats. Rat brains were frozen with liquid nitrogen and cut into coronal sections of 300 microm. From these sections, tissues were micropunched from the parietal cortex (CTX), choroid plexus (ChP), and five hypothalamic regions: supraoptic (SO), paraventricular (Pa), arcuate (Arc) and ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) nuclei, and median eminence (ME). Expression of both short and long forms of PRL-R mRNA were evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR and Southern hybridisation. The results showed that the relative amount of short form mRNA in the ChP of lactating rats was significantly higher than in dioestrous rats. The short form of PRL-R mRNA was undetectable in the SO, Pa, VMH of dioestrous rats but was expressed at a significant level in lactating rats. Levels of long form mRNA in the ChP, SO, Pa and VMH in lactating rats were significantly increased compared with dioestrous rats. Moreover, the long form mRNA was induced in the CTX of lactating rats. In the Arc, levels of both forms of PRL-R mRNA tended to increase in lactating rats compared with dioestrous rats but changes were not statistically significant. Neither form of PRL-R mRNA was detectable in the ME in the two animal models. Increased expression of PRL-R mRNA in specific brain regions during lactation is consistent with the variety of PRL effects on the brain, and may help to explain profound physiological changes in the lactating mother.

scholarly journals Clinical applications of proton MR spectroscopy in the diagnosis of brain tumours

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nail Bulakbasi
Keyword(s):  
Mr Spectroscopy ◽  
Brain Tumours ◽  
Radiation Necrosis ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Brain

There are few but important problems in magnetic resonance (MR) diagnosis of the brain tumours such as predicting the grade, exact definition of the tumour borders, differentiation of the cystic tumours from abscess, the tumoral core from peritumoral oedema, and the tumour recurrence from radiation necrosis. MR spectroscopy (MRS) can add more information to MR imaging (MRI) in solving many of these problems. Widespread usage of faster MRS applications with higher signal‒to‒noise ratio (SNR) and spatial resolution, allows us to detect functional metabolic changes, which provides more data to understand the exact nature of the tumour and the morphological and physiological changes occurring in the surrounding brain parenchyma.

scholarly journals Biochemical, Oxidative, and Physiological Changes Caused by Acute Exposure of Fentanyl and Its 3 Analogs in Rodents

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiv Kumar Yadav ◽  
Deo Kumar ◽  
Pravin Kumar ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Gupta ◽  
Rahul Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Neuromuscular Transmission ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Μ Receptor

Synthesis and bioefficacy of fentanyl and its 8 new 1-substituted analogs (1-8) were earlier reported by us. Of these 8 compounds, N-(1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-4-piperidinyl)propionanilide (2), N-isopropyl-3-(4-( N-phenylpropionamido)piperidin-1-yl)propanamide (5), and N- t-butyl-3-(4-( N-phenylpropionamido)piperidin-1-yl) propanamide (6) were found to be more effective and less toxic compared to fentanyl. The present study reports the acute effect of fentanyl (0.50 Median Lethal Dose (LD50); intraperitoneal) and its 3 analogs (2, 5, and 6) on various biochemical and oxidative parameters in mice and various physiological parameters in rats. Blood alkaline phosphatase (1 hour and 7 days) and urea levels (1 hour) were significantly elevated by fentanyl, while alanine aminotransferase levels (1 hour) were increased by both fentanyl and analog 2 compared to the corresponding control. Increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide and decrease in partial pressure of oxygen were also caused by fentanyl and analog 2 (1 hour). Analog 6 alone elevated malondialdehyde levels in the brain, liver, and kidney tissues (7 days). The LD50 of fentanyl and analogs 2, 5, and 6 were found to be 0.879, 87.88, 69.80, and 55.44 mg/kg, respectively, in rats. Significant decrease in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate (RR), and neuromuscular transmission was produced by fentanyl and analog 2, while analog 5 decreased the RR alone. The changes, particularly the respiratory depression, were found to be reversed by naloxone, a μ-receptor antagonist. Thereby, indicating involvement of μ-receptor mediated effects of the compounds. To conclude, all the analogs were found to be less toxic compared to fentanyl, suggesting their possible role in pain management.

Neurological care

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-134
Author(s):  
Fiona Creed
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Neurological Injury ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Neurological Assessment ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

This chapter explores neurological acute care and includes discussion of normal physiology and physiological changes following illness and injury. In order to understand how to assess and manage the patient with neurological conditions it is essential to have an understanding of the structure and function of the brain and how injury/illness can affect this. Additionally, the chapter explains the importance of accurate and timely neurological assessment and specific nursing care of patients with neurological injury. It emphasizes the need for prompt intervention and appropriate escalation if patients exhibit signs of deterioration. Common neurological conditions of stroke, head injury, and epilepsy are discussed.

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