Analysis of the influence of the aperture size on the differences of L *a *b chromatic coordinates in a spectrocolorimeter

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Medina-Marquez ◽  
S. E. Balderas-Mata ◽  
Jorge L. Flores
Keyword(s):  
Aperture Size ◽  
Chromatic Coordinates

Resolution Attainable With the Present Day STEM

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 230-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Wall ◽  
J. P. Langmore ◽  
H. Isaacson ◽  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Aperture Size ◽  
Magnetic Lens ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Half Angle

The scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) constructed by the authors employs a field emission gun and a 1.15 mm focal length magnetic lens to produce a probe on the specimen. The aperture size is chosen to allow one wavelength of spherical aberration at the edge of the objective aperture. Under these conditions the profile of the focused spot is expected to be similar to an Airy intensity distribution with the first zero at the same point but with a peak intensity 80 per cent of that which would be obtained If the lens had no aberration. This condition is attained when the half angle that the incident beam subtends at the specimen, 𝛂 = (4𝛌/Cs)¼

Outcome and Safety of Different Cumulative Doses and Protocols of Intravenous Methylprednisolone in Moderate to Severe and Active Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Amelya Permata Sari ◽  
M Sidik ◽  
Syntia Nusanti
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Aperture Size ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Intravenous Methylprednisolone ◽  
Graves Ophthalmopathy ◽  
Graves Orbitopathy

Background: Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy or thyroid eye disease, has a potential sight-threatening complications. The activity and severity are important determinants in GO and are implications for treatment. Intravenous Glucocorticoid (GC) was associated with significantly greater efficacy and was better tolerated than oral route in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe and active GO. Intravenous GC has a variation cumulative dose and protocols; meanwhile the optimal treatment is still undefined. The aim of this literature review was to analyze the outcome and safety of different cumulative doses and protocols of intravenous methylprednisolone of patients with moderate to severe and active GO. Methods: The literature search was conducted from Google Scholar and Pubmed for journal articles that were published and related to the use of IVGC in moderate to severe and active GO Results: From the keywords mentioned, titles were screened for eligibility and seventeen articles were found. After being checked for the duplication, the articles were screened based on the abstracts and/or full texts. As many as eight articles met the inclusion criteria, others were excluded. Conclusion: Intravenous GC therapy in moderate to severe and active GO provide effect in reducing CAS, decreasing lid aperture size, decreasing proptosis size, and disappearing diplopia. A protocol uses a low cumulative doses (<5 g) of methylprednisolone weekly for 6 weeks and then halved dose weekly for another 6 weeks are preferred due to higher response in clinical outcome and safety profile.

Effects of diagenesis (cement precipitation) during fracture opening on fracture aperture-size scaling in carbonate rocks

2012 ◽  
Vol 370 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Hooker ◽  
L. A. Gomez ◽  
S. E. Laubach ◽  
J. F. W. Gale ◽  
R. Marrett
Keyword(s):  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Fracture Aperture ◽  
Aperture Size ◽  
Size Scaling ◽  
Fracture Opening

High-resolution stratigraphic characterization of natural fracture attributes in the Woodford Shale, Arbuckle Wilderness and US-77D Outcrops, Murray County, Oklahoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. SC29-SC41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayantan Ghosh ◽  
John N. Hooker ◽  
Caleb P. Bontempi ◽  
Roger M. Slatt
Keyword(s):  
Natural Fracture ◽  
Fracture Aperture ◽  
Aperture Size ◽  
Fracture Density ◽  
Area Formula ◽  
Woodford Shale ◽  
Fracture Spacing ◽  
Spacing Ratio ◽  
Fracture Intensity ◽  
Bed Thickness

Natural fracture aperture-size, spacing, and stratigraphic variation in fracture density are factors determining the fluid-flow capacity of low-permeability formations. In this study, several facies were identified in a Woodford Shale complete section. The section was divided into four broad stratigraphic zones based on interbedding of similar facies. Average thicknesses and percentages of brittle and ductile beds in each stratigraphic foot were recorded. Also, five fracture sets were identified. These sets were split into two groups based on their trace exposures. Fracture linear intensity (number of fractures normalized to the scanline length [[Formula: see text]]) values were quantified for brittle and ductile beds. Individual fracture intensity-bed thickness linear equations were derived. These equations, along with the average bed thickness and percentage of brittle and ductile lithologies in each stratigraphic foot, were used to construct a fracture areal density (number of fracture traces normalized to the trace exposure area [[Formula: see text]]) profile. Finally, the fracture opening-displacement size variations, clustering tendencies, and fracture saturation were quantified. Fracture intensity-bed thickness equations predict approximately 1.5–3 times more fractures in the brittle beds compared with ductile beds at any given bed thickness. Parts of zone 2 and almost entire zone 3, located in the upper and middle Woodford, respectively, have high fracture densities and are situated within relatively organic-rich (high-GR) intervals. These intervals may be suitable horizontal well landing targets. All observed fracture cement exhibit a lack of crack-seal texture. Characteristic aperture-size distributions exist, with most apertures in the 0.05–1 mm (0.00016–0.0032 ft) range. In the chert beds, fracture cement is primarily bitumen or silica or both. Fractures in dolomite beds primarily have calcite cement. The average fracture spacing indices (i.e., bed thickness-fracture spacing ratio) in brittle and ductile beds were determined to be 2 and 1.2, respectively. Uniform fracture spacing was observed along all scanlines in the studied beds.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document