Photobiomodulation and the brain: a new paradigm (Conference Presentation)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Hamblin
Keyword(s):  
New Paradigm ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals A New Paradigm for Training Hyperactive Dopamine Transporter Knockout Rats: Influence of Novel Stimuli on Object Recognition

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia P. Kurzina ◽  
Anna B. Volnova ◽  
Irina Y. Aristova ◽  
Raul R. Gainetdinov
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Dopamine Transporter ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is believed to be connected with a high level of hyperactivity caused by alterations of the control of dopaminergic transmission in the brain. The strain of hyperdopaminergic dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) rats represents an optimal model for investigating ADHD-related pathological mechanisms. The goal of this work was to study the influence of the overactivated dopamine system in the brain on a motor cognitive task fulfillment. The DAT-KO rats were trained to learn an object recognition task and store it in long-term memory. We found that DAT-KO rats can learn to move an object and retrieve food from the rewarded familiar objects and not to move the non-rewarded novel objects. However, we observed that the time of task performance and the distances traveled were significantly increased in DAT-KO rats in comparison with wild-type controls. Both groups of rats explored the novel objects longer than the familiar cubes. However, unlike controls, DAT-KO rats explored novel objects significantly longer and with fewer errors, since they preferred not to move the non-rewarded novel objects. After a 3 months’ interval that followed the training period, they were able to retain the learned skills in memory and to efficiently retrieve them. The data obtained indicate that DAT-KO rats have a deficiency in learning the cognitive task, but their hyperactivity does not prevent the ability to learn a non-spatial cognitive task under the presentation of novel stimuli. The longer exploration of novel objects during training may ensure persistent learning of the task paradigm. These findings may serve as a base for developing new ADHD learning paradigms.

Brain Tumor Reporting and Data System: A Pictorial Review

Neurographics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-185
Author(s):  
B. Rao ◽  
I. Ikuta ◽  
A. Mahajan ◽  
A.A. Karam ◽  
V.M. Zohrabian
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tumor ◽  
Brain Tumors ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Data System ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pictorial Review ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Brain

Brain tumors are a diverse group of neoplasms that are a source of substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Primary gliomas constitute almost all malignant brain tumors, with the most aggressive as well as most common form in adults, grade IV glioma or glioblastoma multiforme, carrying an especially poor prognosis. Neuroimaging is critical not only in the identification of CNS tumor but also in treatment-planning and assessing the response to therapy. Structured reporting continues to gain traction in radiology by reducing report ambiguity and improving consistency, while keeping referring clinicians and patients informed. The Brain Tumor Reporting and Data System (BT-RADS) is a relatively new paradigm that attempts to simplify and maximize consistency in radiologic reporting. BT-RADS incorporates MR imaging features, clinical assessment, and timing of therapy to assign each study a score or category, which is, in turn, linked to a management suggestion. The purpose of this pictorial review article is to familiarize radiologists and nonradiology neurologic specialists alike with BT-RADS, highlighting both advantages and limitations, in the hope that adoption of this system might ultimately facilitate more effective communication and improve consistency among reports.Learning Objective: To describe the features and underscore the advantages and disadvantages of the Brain Tumor Reporting and Data System (BT-RADS), a relatively new classification system that attempts to simplify and maximize consistency in radiologic reporting

Chapter 9. Spike-Based Symbolic Computations on Bit Strings and Numbers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ceca Kraišniković ◽  
Wolfgang Maass ◽  
Robert Legenstein
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Learning Rule ◽  
Spiking Neural Networks ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Symbolic Computations ◽  
Neuromorphic Hardware ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Higher Cognitive Functions ◽  
The Brain

The brain uses recurrent spiking neural networks for higher cognitive functions such as symbolic computations, in particular, mathematical computations. We review the current state of research on spike-based symbolic computations of this type. In addition, we present new results which show that surprisingly small spiking neural networks can perform symbolic computations on bit sequences and numbers and even learn such computations using a biologically plausible learning rule. The resulting networks operate in a rather low firing rate regime, where they could not simply emulate artificial neural networks by encoding continuous values through firing rates. Thus, we propose here a new paradigm for symbolic computation in neural networks that provides concrete hypotheses about the organization of symbolic computations in the brain. The employed spike-based network models are the basis for drastically more energy-efficient computer hardware – neuromorphic hardware. Hence, our results can be seen as creating a bridge from symbolic artificial intelligence to energy-efficient implementation in spike-based neuromorphic hardware.

scholarly journals Alteration of the Leptin Network in Late Morbid Obesity Induced in Mice by Brain Infection with Canine Distemper Virus

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 7317-7327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlette Bernard ◽  
Richard Cohen ◽  
Seng-Thuon Khuth ◽  
Bruno Vedrine ◽  
Olivier Verlaeten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Canine Distemper Virus ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Leptin Resistance ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Canine Distemper ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Viruses can induce progressive neurologic disorders associated with diverse pathological manifestations, and therefore, viral infection of the brain can impair differentiated neural functions, depending on the initial viral tropism. We have previously reported that canine distemper virus (CDV) targets certain mouse brain structures, including the hypothalamus, early and selectively. Infected mice exhibit acute encephalitis, with late disease, characterized by motor impairment or obesity syndrome, appearing in some of the surviving mice several months after the initial viral replication. In the present study, we show viral persistence in the hypothalami of obese mice, as demonstrated by low, but still significant, levels of CDV nucleoprotein transcripts, associated with a dramatic decrease in F gene mRNAs. Given the pivotal role of the hypothalamus in obesity (eating behavior, energy consumption, and neuroendocrine function) and that of leptin, the adipose tissue-derived satiety factor acting through hypothalamic receptors, we analyzed the leptin networks in both obese and nonobese mice. The discrepancy found between the chronic and dramatic increase in blood leptin levels and the occurrence of obesity may be due to leptin resistance in the brain. In fact, expression of the long leptin receptor isoform, representing the functional leptin receptor, was specifically downregulated in the hypothalami of obese mice, explaining their inability to generate an adequate response to leptin in the brain. Intriguingly, during the acute phase of infection, its expression was increased in CDV-targeted structures in all infected mice and remained high in obese mice in all CDV-targeted structures, except for the hypothalamus. The biphasic change in hypothalamic leptin receptor expression seen during the progression of CDV-induced obesity provides a new paradigm for understanding mechanisms of neuroendocrinological, virus-induced abnormalities.

scholarly journals New paradigm to assess brain cell morphology by diffusion-weighted MR spectroscopy in vivo

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (24) ◽  
pp. 6671-6676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Palombo ◽  
Clémence Ligneul ◽  
Chloé Najac ◽  
Juliette Le Douce ◽  
Julien Flament ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Mr Spectroscopy ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Diffusion Weighted ◽  
Synthetic Cells ◽  
Dendritic Organization ◽  
The Brain

The brain is one of the most complex organs, and tools are lacking to assess its cellular morphology in vivo. Here we combine original diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy acquisition and novel modeling strategies to explore the possibility of quantifying brain cell morphology noninvasively. First, the diffusion of cell-specific metabolites is measured at ultra-long diffusion times in the rodent and primate brain in vivo to observe how cell long-range morphology constrains metabolite diffusion. Massive simulations of particles diffusing in synthetic cells parameterized by morphometric statistics are then iterated to fit experimental data. This method yields synthetic cells (tentatively neurons and astrocytes) that exhibit striking qualitative and quantitative similarities with histology (e.g., using Sholl analysis). With our approach, we measure major interspecies difference regarding astrocytes, whereas dendritic organization appears better conserved throughout species. This work suggests that the time dependence of metabolite diffusion coefficient allows distinguishing and quantitatively characterizing brain cell morphologies noninvasively.

Information handling by the brain: proposal of a new “paradigm” involving the roamer type of volume transmission and the tunneling nanotube type of wiring transmission

2014 ◽  
Vol 121 (12) ◽  
pp. 1431-1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi F. Agnati ◽  
Diego Guidolin ◽  
Guido Maura ◽  
Manuela Marcoli ◽  
Giuseppina Leo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Paradigm ◽  
Volume Transmission ◽  
Information Handling ◽  
Tunneling Nanotube ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals The brain of the beholder: honouring individual representational idiosyncrasies

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Charest ◽  
Nikolaus Kriegeskorte
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Stimulus Space ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Unique Pattern ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Population Codes ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Multivariate Pattern ◽  
The Brain

In the early days of neuroimaging, brain function was investigated by averaging across voxels within a region, stimuli within a category, and individuals within a group. These three forms of averaging discard important neuroscientific information. Recent studies have explored analyses that combine the evidence in better-motivated ways. Multivariate pattern analyses enable researchers to reveal representations in distributed population codes, honouring the unique information contributed by different voxels (or neurons). Condition-rich designs more richly sample the stimulus space and can treat each stimulus as a unique entity. Finally, each individual’s brain is unique and recent studies have found ways to model and analyse the interindividual representational variability. Here we review our field’s journey towards more sophisticated analyses that honour these important idiosyncrasies of brain representations. We describe an emerging framework for investigating individually unique pattern representations of particular stimuli in the brain. The framework models stimuli, responses and individuals multivariately and relates representations by means of representational dissimilarity matrices. Important components are computational models and multivariate descriptions of brain and behavioural responses. These recent developments promise a new paradigm for studying the individually unique brain at unprecedented levels of representational detail.

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