Determination of the ablation efficiencies of the laser irradiated tissues via rate of temperature change over time

Buoyancy Estimates of Malaysia's Tax System 1961 – 1998

Malaysian Management Journal ◽

10.32890/mmj.4.1-2.2000.8580 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jeyapalan Kasipillai ◽

Muszafarshah Mohd. Mustafa

Keyword(s):

Income Growth ◽

Tax Revenue ◽

Tax Law ◽

Tax Administration ◽

Consumption Tax ◽

Tax System ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Indirect Taxes ◽

Over Time

Several criteria are used to determine a 'good tax system' and they include administrative feasibility, ensuring burden of tax is spread fairly among taxpayers and tax buoyancy. Tax buoyancy measures the responsiveness of tax revenue to income growth. Previous studies have assumed a constant buoyancy estimate for the period under study and hence applied a double-log tax model (Mansfield, 1972; Choudhry, 1975; Byrne, 1983). In practice, however, tax buoyancies may change over time due to inflation, changing tax bases, improved tax administration and stricter enforcement of tax law by revenue authorities. This study uses the Box-Cox tax model which allows the determination of inter-temporal tax buoyancies for the period 1961-1998. The results obtained revealed a steady decline in buoyancy estimates of less than one for both direct and indirect taxes implying inefficiencies in the tax system. Suggestions are made to revamp the current tax system by integrating existing indirect taxes such as sales and service tax into a single broad-based consumption tax.

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Soil Temperature Change over Time during Infiltration

Soil Science Society of America Journal ◽

10.2136/sssaj2004.0219 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 766-775 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Lyle Prunty ◽

Joel Bell

Keyword(s):

Soil Temperature ◽

Temperature Change ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Over Time

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Evaluation of time change of the Love k2 and k3 numbers using LAGEOS SLR data

Bulletin of the Military University of Technology ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0010.5393 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 83-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Marcin Jagoda ◽

Miłosława Rutkowska ◽

Katarzyna Kraszewska

Keyword(s):

Time Evolution ◽

Time Change ◽

Satellite Laser Ranging ◽

Laser Ranging ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Love Numbers ◽

Over Time

In this paper, we present the estimated Love numbers for degree 2 and 3 (k2 and k3). The determination was based on the Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) data of LAGEOS-1 and LAGEOS-2 satellites obtained within the period of January 1, 2014 until January 1, 2016. The results were compared with our previous determination of these parameters for the period from January 1, 2005 until January 1, 2007 to examine whether any systematic differences and time evolution occur. The adjusted values for the k2 and k3 parameters are, 0.29867±0.0001 and 0.0898±0.0047 (LAGEOS-1 data), respectively and 0.29858±0.0001 and 0.0867±0.0047 (LAGEOS-2 data). The discrepancies between the k2 and k3 values obtained in our previous paper [25] and this analysis are: –0.00293 (LAGEOS-1 data) and –0.00202 (LAGEOS-2 data) for k2 and –0.0091 (LAGEOS-1 data) and 0.0057 (LAGEOS-2 data) for k3. The obtained discrepancies in the k2 and k3 values may indicate their change over time. Keywords: tides, Love numbers, SLR, LAGEOS-1, LAGEOS-2

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The Demand for a New Product

10.1093/oso/9780198816676.003.0005 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Stoneman ◽

Eleonora Bartoloni ◽

Maurizio Baussola

Keyword(s):

Product Innovation ◽

New Technologies ◽

New Products ◽

New Product ◽

Learning Differences ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Price Expectations ◽

Over Time

This is the first of three chapters that review the factors that drive the demand for, supply of, and the incentives to introduce new products. It explores the determination of the demand for newly launched products, with emphasis upon intertemporal development. Parallels are drawn with the literature on the diffusion of new technologies and it is emphasized how learning, differences between buyers, stock effects, order, and other effects impact upon the demand. The issue of new suppliers offering further products on the market is explored with a distinction between new to market and new to firm products and between horizontal and vertical innovations. The demand for a product innovation may change over time as products, knowledge, and the number of suppliers changes. One might expect that prices (and price expectations) play a major role in the determination of demand, but many other factors also come into play.

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