Real-time defect detection using multiaperture fiber optic sensors and machine learning

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik Rothe ◽  
Angela Duparre ◽  
Peter Riedel ◽  
Monika Timm
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Defect Detection ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensors

Advanced distributed fiber optic sensors for monitoring real-time cementing operations and long term zonal isolation

2017 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 479-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wu ◽  
Sriramya Nair ◽  
Michelle Shuck ◽  
Eric van Oort ◽  
Artur Guzik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensors ◽  
Zonal Isolation

scholarly journals Distributed fiber optic radiation sensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 15-16
Author(s):  
Aleksander Wosniok ◽  
Katerina Krebber
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensors ◽  
Radiation Monitoring ◽  
High Radiation ◽  
Fiber Core ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Radiation Sensors

Abstract. The international research efforts focused on the development of radiation sensors based on optic fibers have their origins in the 1970s (Evans et al., 1978). Generally, the lightweight fiber optic sensors are immune to electromagnetic field interference and high voltages making them deployable in harsh environments at hard to reach areas where conventional sensors usually will not work at all. A further advantage of such radiation sensors is the possibility of remote and real-time monitoring (Huston et al., 2001). In this work, we present our results achieved in several research activities for development of fiber optic dosimeters. The findings show that both the measurement of the radiation-induced attenuation (RIA) along the entire sensing fiber and the accompanying change in the refractive index of the fiber core can be used for distributed radiation monitoring in the kGy and MGy range, respectively. Depending on the fiber type and material the RIA shows varying response to dose rates, environmental temperatures and the wavelength of the laser source used. Thereby, an operation with visible laser light provides most favorable performance in terms of high radiation sensitivity. Operating at these wavelengths, RIA monitoring could yield high-sensitivity dose measurement with sub-gray resolution and accuracy (Stajanca and Krebber, 2017b); however, conventional optical time-domain reflectometry (OTDR) systems for RIA measurements operating in the visible range suffer from low-spatial resolution, long measurement times and poor signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. The limitations of the OTDR performance can be overcome by the incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (I-OFDR) developed by the Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM, Liehr et al., 2009) with potential for dynamic real-time measurement. Over the years, several highly radiation sensitive fibers, such as perfluorinated polymer optical fibers (PF-POF, Stajanca and Krebber, 2017a), phosphorous-doped silica optical fibers (SOF, Paul et al., 2009), aluminium-doped SOF (Faustov et al., 2013) and erbium-doped SOF (Wosniok et al., 2016) have been identified and are commercially available. As mentioned before, the radiation-induced RIA increase is associated with an increase in the refractive index leading also to material compaction in the fiber core. The latter two effects can be used for measuring radiation distribution based on Brillouin scattering in the range of high radiation doses of several MGy (Phéron et al., 2012; Wosniok et al., 2016). When using fiber optic sensors for radiation monitoring, the existing post-irradiation annealing behavior of the optical fiber sensors must also be considered.

Advanced Fiber Optic and Ultrasonic Sensor Systems for Structural Health Monitoring of Pipes in Nuclear Waste Sites

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
pp. 000470-000475
Author(s):  
Aparna Aravelli ◽  
Michael Thompson ◽  
Dwayne McDaniel ◽  
Mathew Krutch ◽  
Mike McNeilly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Nuclear Waste ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensors ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Structural Health ◽  
Erosion Corrosion

Abstract Nuclear waste sites across the United States and other countries store, transfer and vitrify nuclear waste. These sites often require transfer pipelines for high and low level radioactive wastes in the form of solids/slurries, fluids including chemicals. Since, these pipelines deal with harmful nuclear wastes, structural health monitoring is of utmost importance. Pipelines are continuously monitored to enhance the safety of the people and environment around the facilities. Monitoring may involve leak, crack detection and wear (in the form of corrosion or thinning). Current research builds on author's previous work on sensors for erosion and thermal monitoring in pipes and plates [1, 2, and 3]. Present work involves a) validation and monitoring of a novel advanced Fiber Optic Sensor System to detect cracks and leaks in carbon steel pipes and b) the use of Ultrasonic (UT) sensors to detect thinning in pipe sections due to erosion-corrosion using small coupons. The fiber optic sensors developed by CEL [4], are used in conducting engineering scale testing on an in-house designed and assembled erosion pipe flow loop. The loop consists of 2 and 3 inch straight and elbow sections of carbon steel replicating the pipelines at the sites. Three fiber optic sensors are placed at critical locations around the loop. The equipment also includes a communication box and a laptop device for data acquisition. The sensor system uses a combination of fiber optic and acoustic technologies to accurately identify the location of a pipeline leak or crack. Sensors capture the changes in pressure caused by the fluid/slurry flowing through the loop. A “zone” is defined as the distance between any two sensor points. When any two sensors simultaneously detect a leak, a determination can be made as to how far from each sensor the activity is occurring and “zero in” on the event. A number of zones may be linked together to manage vast expanses of pipeline. Sensors provide instantaneous event data to the hardware (the interrogator), and the interrogator may be located great distances from the actual pipeline in secure, environmentally protected areas. Multiple Interrogators may be linked together that are simultaneously streaming real-time data to the command and control software. Event notifications may then be managed from the customer's control room, or immediately “pushed” to a variety of mobile devices to alert personnel of the situation [5]. Additionally, Ultrasonic (UT) sensors are used for thickness measurements in pipes. The objective is to measure the wear in pipelines due to erosion-corrosion using small scale erosion coupons. These erosion coupons are made of carbon steel with ½ inch in diameter and 1 inch height. The method involves insertion of the coupons into holes drilled in the pipe sections of the erosion loop. This process ensures that the coupons are in contact with the flow stream and hence eroded in a minute scale over a period of time. The coupons have a slot for insertion of the sensors to measure the thickness in real-time when needed. Upon successful testing of the coupon and sensors, the method can be used to predict the erosion rates and hence the remaining useful life of the pipe sections without having to replace them unnecessarily. Hence, the present research conducts structural health monitoring of carbon steel pipes using fiber optic and UT sensors. The sensors have been validated and verified for their potential future deployment in the nuclear waste sites.

Low-cost real-time fiber optic sensor for intrusion detection

Sensor Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel Abdallah ◽  
Mohamed M. Fouad ◽  
Hesham N. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Reference Signal ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensors ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensor ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intensity Modulated ◽  
Optic Sensor

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce a novel intensity-modulated fiber optic sensor for real-time intrusion detection using a fiber-optic microbend sensor and an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR). Design/methodology/approach The proposed system is tested using different scenarios using person/car as intruders. Experiments are conducted in the lab and in the field. In the beginning, the OTDR trace is obtained and recorded as a reference signal without intrusion events. The second step is to capture the OTDR trace with intrusion events in one or multiple sectors. This measured signal is then compared to the reference signal and processed by matrix laboratory to determine the intruded sector. Information of the intrusion is displayed on an interactive screen implemented by Visual basic. The deformer is designed and implemented using SOLIDWORKS three-dimensional computer aided design Software. Findings The system is tested for intrusions by performing two experiments. The first experiment is performed for both persons (>50 kg) in the lab and cars in an open field with a car moving at 60 km/h using two optical fiber sectors of lengths 200 and 500 m. For test purposes, the deformer length used in the experiment is 2 m. The used signal processing technique in the first experiment has some limitations and its accuracy is 70% after measuring and recording 100 observations. To overcome these limitations, a second experiment with another technique of signal processing is performed. Research limitations/implications The system can perfectly display consecutive intrusions of the sectors, but in case of simultaneous intrusions of different sectors, which is difficult to take place in real situations, there will be the ambiguity of the number of intruders and the intruded sector. This will be addressed in future work. Suitable and stable laser power is required to get a suitable level of backscattered power. Optimization of the deformer is required to enhance the sensitivity and reliability of the sensor. Practical implications The proposed work enables us to benefit from the ease of implementation and the reduced cost of the intensity-modulated fiber optic sensors because it overcomes the constraints that prevent using the intensity-modulated fiber optic sensors for intrusion detection. Originality/value The proposed system is the first time long-range intensity-modulated fiber optic sensor for intrusion detection.

Analysis of Strain Sensor Cable Models and Effective Deployments for Distributed Fiber Optical Geotechnical Monitoring System

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana DuToit ◽  
Kent Ryan ◽  
John Rice ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Fabien Ravet
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensors ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensor ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Deep Trench ◽  
Geotechnical Monitoring ◽  
Alternative Scenarios

Long range, distributed fiber optic sensing systems have been an available tool for more than a decade to monitor pipeline subsidence integrity challenges. Effective deployment scenarios are an important decision to be factored into the selection of this monitoring equipment and typologies relative to specific project needs. In an effort to analyze the effectiveness of various fiber optic deployment conditions, a controlled field experiment was conducted. Within this field experiment, a variety of distributed fiber optic sensors and point sensors were deployed in predefined positions. These positions relative to the pipeline were selected to support a range of deployment needs including new construction or retrofitting of existing pipelines. A 16-inch diameter by 60-meter long epoxy coated pipeline that was capable of being pressurized to mimic operating conditions was utilized. This test pipe was installed in a typical trench setting. Conventional point gauges were installed at key locations on the pipeline. Fiber optic sensor cables were installed at key locations providing 14 alternative scenarios in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and cost. After construction of the test pipeline, real time continuous monitoring via the array of conventional and fiber optic sensors commenced. A deep trench was excavated adjacent and parallel to the central portion of the pipeline which began to induce subsidence in the test pipeline. Continued monitoring of the various sensors produced real time visualization of the evolving subsidence. A comparison of the reaction of the sensors is compiled to provide an intelligent selection criteria for integrity managers in terms of accuracy, deployment, and costs for pipeline subsidence monitoring projects. In addition, further analysis of this sensor data should provide more insight into pipeline/soil interaction models and behaviors.

Real Time Cement Displacement Tracking using Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wu ◽  
Marjorie Dininger ◽  
Sriramya Nair ◽  
Eric van Oort ◽  
Artur Guzik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensors

Fiber Optic Monitoring of Pipeline Subsidence: Analysis of Effective Sensor Cable Deployments

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana DuToit ◽  
Kent Ryan ◽  
John Rice ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Jorge Peralta
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensors ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensor ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Deep Trench ◽  
Real Time Visualization ◽  
Alternative Scenarios

Long range, distributed fiber optic sensing systems have been an available tool for more than a decade to monitor pipeline subsidence integrity challenges. Effective deployment scenarios are an important decision to be factored into the selection of this monitoring equipment and typologies relative to specific project needs. In an effort to analyze the effectiveness of various fiber optic deployment conditions, a controlled field experiment was conducted. Within this field experiment, a variety of distributed fiber optic sensors and point sensors were deployed in predefined positions. These positions relative to the pipeline were selected to support a range of deployment needs including new construction or retrofitting of existing pipelines. A 16-inch diameter by 60-meter long epoxy coated pipeline that was capable of being pressurized to mimic operating conditions was utilized. This test pipe was installed in a typical trench setting. Conventional point gauges were installed at key locations on the pipeline. Fiber optic sensor cables were installed at key locations providing 14 alternative scenarios in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and cost. After construction of the test pipeline, real time continuous monitoring via the array of conventional and fiber optic sensors commenced. A deep trench was excavated adjacent and parallel to the central portion of the pipeline which began to induce subsidence in the test pipeline. Continued monitoring of the various sensors produced real time visualization of the evolving subsidence. A comparison of the reaction of the sensors is compiled to provide an intelligent selection criteria for integrity managers in terms of accuracy, deployment, and costs for pipeline subsidence monitoring projects. In addition, further analysis of this sensor data should provide more insight into pipeline/soil interaction models and behaviors.

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