In vivo spectral imaging of different cell types in the small intestine by two-photon excited autofluorescence

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 116025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Orzekowsky-Schroeder ◽  
Antje Klinger ◽  
Björn Martensen ◽  
Maike Blessenohl ◽  
Andreas Gebert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Spectral Imaging ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Different Cell Types

scholarly journals Chronic imaging of mitochondria in the murine cerebral vasculature using in vivo two-photon microscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (6) ◽  
pp. H1379-H1386
Author(s):  
Ibolya Rutkai ◽  
Wesley R. Evans ◽  
Nikita Bess ◽  
Tomas Salter-Cid ◽  
Siniša Čikić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Circulation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Two Photon Microscopy ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Different Cell Types

We introduce an innovative in vivo approach to study mitochondria in the cerebral circulation in their physiological environment by demonstrating the feasibility of long-term imaging and three-dimensional reconstruction. We postulate that the appropriate combination of Cre/Lox system and two-photon microscopy will contribute to a better understanding of the role of mitochondria in not only endothelium but also the different cell types of the cerebral circulation.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3389
Author(s):  
Ishtiaq Ahmed ◽  
Saif Ur Rehman ◽  
Shiva Shahmohamadnejad ◽  
Muhammad Anjum Zia ◽  
Muhammad Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Autoimmune Disorders ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Different Cell Types

In humans, various sites like cannabinoid receptors (CBR) having a binding affinity with cannabinoids are distributed on the surface of different cell types, where endocannabinoids (ECs) and derivatives of fatty acid can bind. The binding of these substance(s) triggers the activation of specific receptors required for various physiological functions, including pain sensation, memory, and appetite. The ECs and CBR perform multiple functions via the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1); cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), having a key effect in restraining neurotransmitters and the arrangement of cytokines. The role of cannabinoids in the immune system is illustrated because of their immunosuppressive characteristics. These characteristics include inhibition of leucocyte proliferation, T cells apoptosis, and induction of macrophages along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. The review seeks to discuss the functional relationship between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and anti-tumor characteristics of cannabinoids in various cancers. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for cancer—both in vivo and in vitro clinical trials—has also been highlighted and reported to be effective in mice models in arthritis for the inflammation reduction, neuropathic pain, positive effect in multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes mellitus, and found beneficial for treating in various cancers. In human models, such studies are limited; thereby, further research is indispensable in this field to get a conclusive outcome. Therefore, in autoimmune disorders, therapeutic cannabinoids can serve as promising immunosuppressive and anti-fibrotic agents.

scholarly journals Bromodomain protein inhibition: a novel therapeutic strategy in rheumatic diseases

RMD Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. e000744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Klein
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Protein Inhibition ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

The reading of acetylation marks on histones by bromodomain (BRD) proteins is a key event in transcriptional activation. Small molecule inhibitors targeting bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins compete for binding to acetylated histones. They have strong anti-inflammatory properties and exhibit encouraging effects in different cell types in vitro and in animal models resembling rheumatic diseases in vivo. Furthermore, recent studies that focus on BRD proteins beyond BET family members are discussed.

scholarly journals Filopodyan: An open-source pipeline for the analysis of filopodia

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (10) ◽  
pp. 3405-3422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasja Urbančič ◽  
Richard Butler ◽  
Benjamin Richier ◽  
Manuel Peter ◽  
Julia Mason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Molecular Heterogeneity ◽  
Interactive Editing ◽  
Motile Cells ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Neuronal Growth Cones

Filopodia have important sensory and mechanical roles in motile cells. The recruitment of actin regulators, such as ENA/VASP proteins, to sites of protrusion underlies diverse molecular mechanisms of filopodia formation and extension. We developed Filopodyan (filopodia dynamics analysis) in Fiji and R to measure fluorescence in filopodia and at their tips and bases concurrently with their morphological and dynamic properties. Filopodyan supports high-throughput phenotype characterization as well as detailed interactive editing of filopodia reconstructions through an intuitive graphical user interface. Our highly customizable pipeline is widely applicable, capable of detecting filopodia in four different cell types in vitro and in vivo. We use Filopodyan to quantify the recruitment of ENA and VASP preceding filopodia formation in neuronal growth cones, and uncover a molecular heterogeneity whereby different filopodia display markedly different responses to changes in the accumulation of ENA and VASP fluorescence in their tips over time.

scholarly journals Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 101-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Ruseska ◽  
Andreas Zimmer
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Uptake ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Penetrating Peptides ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Cell Penetrating ◽  
Basic Peptides ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Immense Potential

In today’s modern era of medicine, macromolecular compounds such as proteins, peptides and nucleic acids are dethroning small molecules as leading therapeutics. Given their immense potential, they are highly sought after. However, their application is limited mostly due to their poor in vivo stability, limited cellular uptake and insufficient target specificity. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) represent a major breakthrough for the transport of macromolecules. They have been shown to successfully deliver proteins, peptides, siRNAs and pDNA in different cell types. In general, CPPs are basic peptides with a positive charge at physiological pH. They are able to translocate membranes and gain entry to the cell interior. Nevertheless, the mechanism they use to enter cells still remains an unsolved piece of the puzzle. Endocytosis and direct penetration have been suggested as the two major mechanisms used for internalization, however, it is not all black and white in the nanoworld. Studies have shown that several CPPs are able to induce and shift between different uptake mechanisms depending on their concentration, cargo or the cell line used. This review will focus on the major internalization pathways CPPs exploit, their characteristics and regulation, as well as some of the factors that influence the cellular uptake mechanism.

scholarly journals Macropinocytosis in Different Cell Types: Similarities and Differences

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Peng Lin ◽  
Justine D. Mintern ◽  
Paul A. Gleeson
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Endocytic Vesicles ◽  
Different Cell Types

Macropinocytosis is a unique pathway of endocytosis characterised by the nonspecific internalisation of large amounts of extracellular fluid, solutes and membrane in large endocytic vesicles known as macropinosomes. Macropinocytosis is important in a range of physiological processes, including antigen presentation, nutrient sensing, recycling of plasma proteins, migration and signalling. It has become apparent in recent years from the study of specialised cells that there are multiple pathways of macropinocytosis utilised by different cell types, and some of these pathways are triggered by different stimuli. Understanding the physiological function of macropinocytosis requires knowledge of the regulation and fate of the macropinocytosis pathways in a range of cell types. Here, we compare the mechanisms of macropinocytosis in different primary and immortalised cells, identify the gaps in knowledge in the field and discuss the potential approaches to analyse the function of macropinocytosis in vivo.

scholarly journals Targeted two-photon chemical apoptotic ablation of defined cell types in vivo

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Hill ◽  
Eyiyemisi C. Damisah ◽  
Fuyi Chen ◽  
Alex C. Kwan ◽  
Jaime Grutzendler
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Two Photon

Anesthetic Ketamine-Induced DNA Damage in Different Cell Types In Vivo

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 5575-5581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Dimer Leffa ◽  
Bruno Nunes Bristot ◽  
Adriani Paganini Damiani ◽  
Gabriela Daminelli Borges ◽  
Francine Daumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Different Cell Types

A method for examining differential mRNA expression along the crypt–villus axis of the human small intestine

1998 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
Eddy CHUA ◽  
Qiong WANG ◽  
Paul O'TOOLE ◽  
Martin LOMBARD
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Thymidine Incorporation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Human Small Intestine ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Cell Subpopulations ◽  
Different Cell Types

1.The aim of this study was to devise a method of segregating crypt and villus cell subpopulations from endoscopic human small intestinal biopsies which might be used to examine changes associated with functional differentiation at the molecular level. 2.Routine endoscopic biopsies from the human small intestine were subjected to a modified protocol of mechanical disruption and chelation to yield subpopulations of different cell types. The purity and character of the cell populations isolated was assessed by measuring enzyme activity and thymidine incorporation and by histology. A guanidinium isothiocyanate method was adapted for small samples to extract RNA from the isolated subpopulations, and probes for RNA with a known predilection for crypt and villus cells were used to further investigate the application and usefulness of the technique. 3.Sequential histological examination during the segregation protocol demonstrated that different cell types were removed serially from the biopsy samples. Cell-type enrichment of the segregated subpopulations was demonstrated by differential alkaline phosphatase activity and by differences in thymidine incorporation in the samples isolated. Sufficient quantities of RNA could be extracted from the segregated subpopulations for Northern blot analysis and the differential expression of mRNA for sucrase-isomaltase and transferrin receptor was demonstrated in the villus and crypt subpopulations respectively. 4.Messenger RNA can be successfully extracted from different cell types segregated from routine human endoscopic small intestinal biopsies. This technique should prove useful for investigating the mechanisms regulating the functional differentiation of epithelial cells in the small intestine and the regulatory mechanisms governing absorption of macromolecules.

scholarly journals Differences in the products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in vivo in human and mouse cells and their potential use as markers for the mitochondrial genome in human–mouse cell hybrids

1974 ◽  
Vol 144 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec Jeffreys ◽  
Ian Craig
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mouse Cell ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Cell Hybrids ◽  
Different Cell Types

The proteins synthesized in the mitochondria of mouse and human cells grown in tissue culture were examined by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. The proteins were labelled by incubating the cells in the presence of [35S]methionine and an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis (emetine or cycloheximide). A detailed comparison between the labelled products of mouse and human mitochondrial protein synthesis was made possible by developing radioautograms after exposure to slab-electrophoresis gels. Patterns obtained for different cell types of the same species were extremely similar, whereas reproducible differences were observed on comparison of the profiles obtained for mouse and human cells. Four human–mouse somatic cell hybrids were examined, and in each one only components corresponding to mouse mitochondrially synthesized proteins were detected.

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