Nanocluster model of photothermal assay: application for high-sensitive monitoring of nicotine-induced changes in metabolism, apoptosis, and necrosis at a cellular level

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 044011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir P. Zharov ◽  
Valentin Galitovsky ◽  
Parimal Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Level ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Apoptosis And Necrosis ◽  
Nanocluster Model

scholarly journals Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Therapy Modulates the miRNA Profile in Human Primary OA Chondrocytes and Antagonizes Inflammation in Tc28/2a Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5959
Author(s):  
Bibiane Steinecker-Frohnwieser ◽  
Birgit Lohberger ◽  
Nicole Eck ◽  
Anda Mann ◽  
Cornelia Kratschmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Hdac Activity ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Oa Chondrocytes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic

Nuclear magnetic resonance therapy (NMRT) is discussed as a participant in repair processes regarding cartilage and as an influence in pain signaling. To substantiate the application of NMRT, the underlying mechanisms at the cellular level were studied. In this study microRNA (miR) was extracted from human primary healthy and osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes after NMR treatment and was sequenced by the Ion PI Hi-Q™ Sequencing 200 system. In addition, T/C-28a2 chondrocytes grown under hypoxic conditions were studied for IL-1β induced changes in expression on RNA and protein level. HDAC activity an NAD(+)/NADH was measured by luminescence detection. In OA chondrocytes miR-106a, miR-27a, miR-34b, miR-365a and miR-424 were downregulated. This downregulation was reversed by NMRT. miR-365a-5p is known to directly target HDAC and NF-ĸB, and a decrease in HDAC activity by NMRT was detected. NAD+/NADH was reduced by NMR treatment in OA chondrocytes. Under hypoxic conditions NMRT changed the expression profile of HIF1, HIF2, IGF2, MMP3, MMP13, and RUNX1. We conclude that NMRT changes the miR profile and modulates the HDAC and the NAD(+)/NADH signaling in human chondrocytes. These findings underline once more that NMRT counteracts IL-1β induced changes by reducing catabolic effects, thereby decreasing inflammatory mechanisms under OA by changing NF-ĸB signaling.

scholarly journals Biochemical and Physicochemical Background of Mammalian Androgen Activity in Winter Wheat Exposed to Low Temperature

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Janeczko ◽  
Jolanta Biesaga-Kościelniak ◽  
Michał Dziurka ◽  
Maria Filek ◽  
Katarzyna Hura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Induced Changes

Abstract Understanding of the physiological role of mammalian hormone—androstenedione (AN)—in plants is scant and the mechanisms of its action at a cellular level are practically unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and biochemical background of AN activity in winter wheat exposed to low temperature. Cold periods are important in the lifecycle of this species as they induce frost resistance and further generative development. Wheat seedlings (control and AN-supplemented) were acclimated 2 weeks in cold and then exposed to frost (−12 °C). AN supplementation reduced frost damages by 30%. Moreover, AN also accelerated generative development of wheat. The AN-induced changes in redox homeostasis seemed to be important for processes of acclimation to low temperature and generative induction. AN influenced hormonal balance in wheat and stimulated accumulation among other gibberellins and cytokinins. For example, in aerial part of plants, the content of GA3 was increased by AN in 12 days of cold by about 30%, whereas the content of cis-zeatin was increased by 65%. AN was absorbed into plant membranes (Langmuir bath studies). The membrane absorption of AN increased the distance between lipid molecules and this may be an important step in the AN-induced enhancement of frost resistance. AN interaction with lipid membranes showed similarity to the interactions of some known regulators stimulating flowering in plants, and thus it may also underlie the acceleration of wheat development. Androstenedione was naturally present in wheat leaves (5–21 pg g−1 FW).

scholarly journals The Impact of BPI Expression on Escherichia coli F18 Infection in Porcine Kidney Cells

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2118
Author(s):  
Jian Jin ◽  
Yanjie Huang ◽  
Shouyong Sun ◽  
Zhengchang Wu ◽  
Shenglong Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Porcine Kidney ◽  
Tlr4 Signaling ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Glycosphingolipid Biosynthesis

The efficacy and regulatory activity of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) as a mediator of Escherichia coli (E. coli) F18 resistance remains to be defined. In the present study, we evaluated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced changes in BPI gene expression in porcine kidney (PK15) cells in response to E. coli F18 exposure. We additionally generated PK15 cells that overexpressed BPI to assess the impact of this gene on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-related genes. Through these analyses, we found that BPI expression rose significantly following LPS exposure in response to E. coli F18ac stimulation (p < 0.01). Colony count assays and qPCR analyses revealed that E. coli F18 adherence to PK15 cells was markedly suppressed following BPI overexpression (p < 0.01). BPI overexpression had no significant effect on the mRNA-level expression of genes associated with glycosphingolipid biosynthesis or TLR4 signaling. BPI overexpression suppressed the LPS-induced TLR4 signaling pathway-related expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, MIP-1α, MIP-1β and IL-6). Overall, our study serves as an overview of the association between BPI and resistance to E. coli F18 at the cellular level, offering a framework for future investigations of the mechanisms whereby piglets are able to resist E. coli F18 infection.

Evolution of the gut microbiota and the influence of diet

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rothe ◽  
M. Blaut
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Induced Changes

Diet is a major force that shapes the composition and activity of the gut microbiota. This is evident from alterations in gut microbiota composition after weaning or drastic dietary changes. Owing to the complexity of the microbiota, interactions of intestinal bacteria with the host are difficult to study. Gnotobiotic animal models offer the opportunity to reduce the complexity and the interindividual variability of the intestinal microbiota. Germ-free animals were associated with a simplified microbial community consisting of eight bacterial species, that are found in the human gut. These microbes were selected because their genome sequences are available, and they mimic to some extent the metabolic activity of the human gut microbiota. The microbiota responded to dietary modifications by changes in the relative proportions of the community members. This model offers the chance to better define the role of intestinal bacteria in obesity development, but little is known on how diet affects intestinal bacteria at the cellular level. Mice monoassociated with Escherichia coli were used as a simplified model to investigate the influence of dietary factors on bacterial protein expression in the intestine. The mice were fed three different diets: a carbohydrate (lactose)-rich diet, a protein-rich diet and a diet rich in starch. The lactose-rich diet led to an induction of proteins involved in E. coli's oxidative stress response (Fur, AhpF, Dps). The corresponding genes are under control of the OxyR transcriptional regulator which is activated by oxidative stress. Further experiments demonstrated that osmotic stress exerted by various carbohydrates leads to an upregulation of proteins belonging to the oxyR regulon. The data suggest that the upregulated proteins enable intestinal E. coli to better cope with diet-induced osmotic stress. These examples demonstrate that gnotobiotic animal models are a valuable tool for studying diet-induced changes at the community and the cell level.

scholarly journals Bak and Bax Function To Limit Adenovirus Replication through Apoptosis Induction

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 4547-4558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Cuconati ◽  
Kurt Degenhardt ◽  
Ramya Sundararajan ◽  
Alan Anschel ◽  
Eileen White
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Level ◽  
Productive Infection ◽  
Apoptosis Induction ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Caspase 9 ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Induced Apoptosis ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Adenovirus Replication

ABSTRACT Adenovirus infection and expression of E1A induces both proliferation and apoptosis, the latter of which is blocked by the adenovirus Bcl-2 homologue E1B 19K. The mechanism of apoptosis induction and the role that it plays in productive infection are not known. Unlike apoptosis mediated by death receptors, infection with proapoptotic E1B 19K mutant viruses did not induce cleavage of Bid but nonetheless induced changes in Bak and Bax conformation, Bak-Bax interaction, caspase 9 and 3 activation, and apoptosis. In wild-type-adenovirus-infected cells, in which E1B 19K inhibits apoptosis, E1B 19K was bound to Bak, precluding Bak-Bax interaction and changes in Bax conformation. Infection with E1B 19K mutant viruses induced apoptosis in wild-type and Bax- or Bak-deficient baby mouse kidney cells but not in those deficient for both Bax and Bak. Furthermore, Bax and Bak deficiency dramatically increased E1A expression and virus replication. Thus, Bax- and Bak-mediated apoptosis severely limits adenoviral replication, demonstrating that Bax and Bak function as an antiviral response at the cellular level.

scholarly journals A holistic insight of mycobacteriophage induced changes in mycobacterial cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatema Calcuttawala ◽  
Rahul Shaw ◽  
Arpita Sarbajna ◽  
Moumita Dutta ◽  
Saptarshi Sinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Membrane Pores ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Induced Changes

Mycobacteriophages are phages that interact with mycobacteria resulting in their killing. Although lysis is the major mechanism by which mycobacteriophages cause cell death, other mechanisms may also be involved. The present study was in i tiated with the objective of investigating the changes that take place at the cellular level following the infection of mycobacterial cells by phage D29.  To investigate th is issue, we took recourse to performing immunofluorescence and electron microscopic studies . Transmission electron microscopic examination reveal ed the adsorption of phages on to the surface of mycobacteria , f ollowing which penetration of the tail through the thick mycol o ic acid layer was seen . At later time points discrete populations of cells at different stages of lysis we re observed , which comprised of complete ly lys ed cells , in which the cells were fragmented and those at the early onset stage exhibited formation of membrane pores through which the phages and intracellular contents were released.   SEM results also indicate d that phages may come out through the entire surface of the cell, or alternatively through gaps in the surface. In some of the images we observed structures that apparently resembled membrane blebs which are normally encountered when cells undergo programmed cell death (PCD). In addition, we observed significant increase in DNA fragmentation as well as membrane depolarization, which are also indicative of occurrence of PCD. As several bacterial PCD pathways are mediated by the toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules, the expression profile of all the TA systems was examined before and after phage infection. Apart from specifically addressing the issue of PCD in mycobacteriophage infected cells, this investigation has led to the development of facile tools necessary for investigating mycobacteriophage-mycobacteria interactions by means of microscopic methods.

scholarly journals Integration of A Nitrate-Related Signaling Pathway in Rhizobia-Induced Responses During Interactions with Non-Legume Host Arabidopsis thaliana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian T. Schenk ◽  
Elisabeth Lichtenberg ◽  
Jean Keller ◽  
Pierre-Marc Delaux ◽  
Thomas Ott
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Induced Responses ◽  
Molecular Systems ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Nitrate Signaling ◽  
Additional Cell ◽  
Induced Changes

AbstractNitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient and a key cellular messenger. Plants have evolved refined molecular systems to sense the cellular nitrogen status. Exemplified by the root nodule symbiosis between legumes and symbiotic rhizobia, where external nitrate availability inhibits the interaction. However, nitrate also functions as a metabolic messenger, resulting in nitrate signaling cascades which intensively cross-talk with other physiological pathways. NIN (NODULE INCEPTION)-LIKE PROTEINS (NLPs) are key players in nitrate signaling and regulate nitrate-dependent transcription. Nevertheless, the coordinated interplay between nitrate signaling pathways and rhizobacteria-induced responses remains to be elucidated. In our study, we investigate rhizobia-induced changes in the root system architecture of the non-legume host Arabidopsis in dependence of different nitrate conditions. We demonstrate that rhizobia induce lateral root growth, and increase root hair length and density in a nitrate-dependent manner. These processes are regulated by AtNLP4 and AtNLP5 as well as nitrate transceptor NRT1.1, as the corresponding mutants fail to respond to rhizobia. On a cellular level, NLP4 and NLP5 control a rhizobia-induced decrease in cell elongation rates, while additional cell divisions occurred independent of NLP4. In summary, our data suggest that root morphological responses to rhizobia, dependent on a nutritional signaling pathway that is evolutionary related to regulatory circuits described in legumes.

scholarly journals Infection with low numbers of the sea louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis induces stress-related effects in postsmolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 947-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
D T Nolan ◽  
P Reilly ◽  
SE Wendelaar Bonga
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Serum Chloride ◽  
Epithelial Structure ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Apoptosis And Necrosis

Infection of postsmolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with three, six, or 10 preadult and adult sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) per fish resulted in changes to epithelial structure and at sites in the skin and gill, distant from lice attachment and feeding. In the skin, increased apoptosis and necrosis occurred in the superficial epithelial cells and numbers of mucous cells decreased. In the gill, where no lice were found, uplifting of the epithelium, intercellular swelling, and infiltration by leukocytes occurred in filaments and lamellae. High cell turnover of chloride cells was associated with significantly elevated gill Na+/K+-ATPase activities. Serum chloride levels were elevated in the 3 and 6 lice/fish groups, and the serum Na to Cl ratio was lower in all parasitized groups at 5 days. The results indicate that infection with low numbers of the preadult and adult parasite induced changes characteristic of a stress response. In the low- and medium-infested groups, homeostatic recovery had occurred by 10 days, but recovery was incomplete in the highly infected group. Thus, 10 lice per fish, which is a low infestation level in nature, is stressful and creates a long period during which the overall condition of the skin and gill epithelia may render the fish susceptible to secondary infections.

scholarly journals NIN-Like Proteins; interesting Players in Rhizobia-Induced Nitrate Signaling Response during Interaction with Non-Legume Host Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casandra Hernández-Reyes ◽  
Elisabeth Lichtenberg ◽  
Jean Keller ◽  
Pierre-Marc Delaux ◽  
Thomas Ott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Molecular Systems ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Mutualistic Interaction ◽  
Nitrate Signaling ◽  
Key Players ◽  
Additional Cell ◽  
Induced Changes

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient and a key cellular messenger. Plants have evolved refined molecular systems to sense the cellular nitrogen status. This is exemplified by the root nodule symbiosis between legumes and symbiotic rhizobia, where nitrate availability inhibits this mutualistic interaction. Additionally, nitrate also functions as a metabolic messenger, resulting in nitrate signaling cascades which intensively cross-talk with other physiological pathways. (NODULE INCEPTION)-LIKE PROTEINS (NLPs) are key players in nitrate signaling and regulate nitrate-dependent transcription during legume-rhizobia interactions. Nevertheless, the coordinated interplay between nitrate signaling pathways and rhizobacteria-induced responses remains to be elucidated. In our study, we investigated rhizobia-induced changes in the root system architecture of the non-legume host Arabidopsis under different nitrate conditions. We demonstrate that rhizobium-induced lateral root growth and increased root hair length and density are regulated by a nitrate-related signaling pathway. Key players in this process are AtNLP4 and AtNLP5, since the corresponding mutants failed to respond to rhizobia. At the cellular level, AtNLP4 and AtNLP5 control a rhizobia-induced decrease in cell elongation rates, while additional cell divisions occurred independently of AtNLP4. In summary, our data suggest that root morphological responses to rhizobia are coordinated by a newly considered nitrate-related NLP-pathway that is evolutionary linked to regulatory circuits described in legumes.

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