The Developing Shoulder Has a Limited Capacity to Recover After a Short Duration of Paralysis

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Potter ◽  
Stavros Thomopoulos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Time Course ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Functional Deficits ◽  
Shoulder Paralysis ◽  
Functional Defects

Neonatal brachial plexus injuries during childbirth can cause shoulder paralysis in 1 out of every 250 births in the United States.1,2 Although 80% of these infants recover spontaneously and have no residual complications, a number of them have persistent paralysis and functional deficits.1,3,4 Surgeons are thus faced with a choice on if and when to intervene. However, the time course of persistent paralysis leading to permanent functional defects in the neonate is unclear.

“Go Work Over There and Come Do Something Here”

On the Move ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filiz Garip
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Migrant Stream ◽  
Over Time

This chapter discusses a particular group that dominated the migrant stream from Mexico to the United States in 1965. The group contained a large share of men—many of them household heads who were married with children—from rural central-western communities in Mexico. Migrants in the group typically had little education, worked in agriculture in both Mexico and the United States, and took multiple trips of short duration. This group is referred to as circular migrants. Circular migrants declined both in absolute numbers and in relative size over time, accounting for less than 10 percent of new migrants by 2010. Circular migrants declined in numbers as incomes in Mexico rose, real wages in the United States fell, and the budget dedicated to securing the border grew exponentially between 1965 and 2010.

The Epidemiology of Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. e134-e140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. DeFrancesco ◽  
Divya K. Shah ◽  
Benjamin H. Rogers ◽  
Apurva S. Shah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy ◽  
Birth Palsy

Tehran will flounder over COVID-19’s economic impact

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Pressure ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Inflation

Significance Facing the region’s largest coronavirus outbreak, the authorities belatedly closed schools, banned all religious and social gatherings and asked people to stay indoors. However, since mid-April, they have loosened restrictions, reflecting the difficulties of the private sector as well as the government’s limited capacity to provide relief. Impacts The economic pressure from COVID-19 on top of sanctions may force Tehran to divert assets away from the conflict in Syria. Finance for operations in Iraq will be prioritised as a core Iranian interest as well as an arena to combat the United States. The central bank may be forced to print money to finance increased health spending and social security, risking extremely high inflation.

scholarly journals Regional Thermodynamic Characteristics Distinguishing Long- and Short-Duration Freezing Rain Events over North America

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 657-671
Author(s):  
Christopher D. McCray ◽  
John R. Gyakum ◽  
Eyad H. Atallah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Thermodynamic Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Freezing Rain ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Cold Air ◽  
South Central ◽  
Surface Temperatures ◽  
Rain Events

Abstract Freezing rain is an especially hazardous winter weather phenomenon that remains particularly challenging to forecast. Here, we identify the salient thermodynamic characteristics distinguishing long-duration (six or more hours) freezing rain events from short-duration (2–4 h) events in three regions of the United States and Canada from 1979 to 2016. In the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, strong surface cold-air advection is not common during freezing rain events. Colder onset temperatures at the surface and in the near-surface cold layer support longer-duration events there, allowing heating mechanisms (e.g., the release of latent heat of fusion when rain freezes at the surface) to act for longer periods before the surface reaches 0°C and precipitation transitions to rain. In the south-central United States, cold air at the surface is replenished via continuous cold-air advection, reducing the necessity of cold onset surface temperatures for event persistence. Instead, longer-duration events are associated with warmer and deeper >0°C warm layers aloft and stronger advection of warm and moist air into this layer, delaying its erosion via cooling mechanisms such as melting. Finally, in the southeastern United States, colder and especially drier onset conditions in the cold layer are associated with longer-duration events, with evaporative cooling crucial to maintaining the subfreezing surface temperatures necessary for freezing rain. Through an improved understanding of the regional conditions supporting freezing rain event persistence, we hope to provide useful information to forecasters in their attempt to predict these potentially damaging events.

scholarly journals Indirect Cost of Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. S55-S56
Author(s):  
Thomas Hong ◽  
Andrea Tian ◽  
Ryan Sachar ◽  
Wilson Z. Ray ◽  
David M. Brogan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Indirect Cost ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals LL601 Contamination and Its Impact on U.S. Rice Prices

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yarui Li ◽  
Eric J. Wailes ◽  
Andrew McKenzie ◽  
Michael Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genetically Modified Rice ◽  
Rice Market ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
Rice Prices ◽  
Duration Effect ◽  
The U.S

LL601 is a genetically modified rice variety and unapproved for commercial use. Its presence was found in commercial shipments of U.S. rice in 2006. This article explores its impact on prices and volume marketed for both the United States and Thailand, the major export competitor. The results show a significantly adverse but short duration effect on the U.S. rice market and little to no effect on the Thai rice market.

scholarly journals The Epidemiology of Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy in the United States: An Analysis of Trends and Risk Factors over 16 Years

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. S22-S23
Author(s):  
Christopher J. DeFrancesco ◽  
Divya K. Shah ◽  
Benjamin H. Rogers ◽  
Apurva S. Shah
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy ◽  
Birth Palsy

Using Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Treating Nicotine Addiction in Adolescents

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 278-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumar Maharaj ◽  
Sharon Ternullo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Nicotine Replacement Therapy ◽  
Time Course ◽  
The United States ◽  
Withdrawal Symptoms ◽  
Preventable Death ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions

Cigarette smoking is the greatest cause of preventable death and disability in the United States. More than 3,000 children in the United States begin smoking each day. Smokers experience withdrawal symptoms that can be ameliorated by pharmacological interventions. These interventions include Zyban (Bupropion HCl), Nicorette gum, Habitrol patch, Nicoderm patch, Nicotrol inhaler, and Nicotrol NS spray, along with their generic counterparts. This article reviews each of these agents, the time course of nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire and presents a framework for assisting the nicotine-addicted student in smoking cessation.

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