Quantifying the Effects of Extracellular Conductivity on Transport During Electroporation

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed M. Sadik ◽  
Jianbo Li ◽  
Jerry W. Shan ◽  
David I. Shreiber ◽  
Hao Lin
Keyword(s):  
Total Concentration ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Molecular Transport ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Transport Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
The Past ◽  
Extracellular Conductivity ◽  
Delivery Efficiency

Electroporation is an effective means to permeabilize the cell membrane and deliver biologically active molecules (such DNA, RNA, dyes, etc…) into the cell cytoplasm, while maintaining cell viability and functionality [1]. Despite extensive research, electroporation still suffers from major drawbacks such as high cell death and low delivery efficiency. In the past, studies focused mainly on permeabilization of the membrane during electroporation while transport of molecules from one side of the membrane to the other has been overlooked. Previous experimental work demonstrated an inverse relation between the electrical conductivity of the extracellular buffer and total concentration delivered into cells [2]. This inverse correlation suggests that additional molecular transport mechanisms, besides diffusion, govern the delivery into cells.

An Overview on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Morus alba Linn.

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpita Paul ◽  
Monami Rajiung ◽  
Kamaruz Zaman ◽  
Sushil Kumar Chaudhary ◽  
Hans Raj Bhat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Morus Alba ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Pharmacological Profile ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Significant Information ◽  
The Past ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
The Family ◽  
White Mulberry

Background: Morus alba Linn. commonly known as white mulberry, belongs to the family Moraceae, is a promising traditional medicine. In Asia, besides its use in the preparation of delicacies, every part of this plant is utilized in traditional medicine. Over the past decade, studies related to identification and isolation of biologically active compounds, with flavonoids as the major class of phytoconstituents, from this plant has been reported. These phytoconstituents are not only found to be beneficial for the maintenance of general health but also are associated with a range of potential pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective to name a few. Objective: This review aims to provide upgraded and comprehensive information regarding the phytochemical, ethnomedicinal use and pharmacological profile of the plant Morus alba Linn. Method: The significant information has been collected through various database viz. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct based on the recent findings, using different terms of Morus alba. Results: The outcome of the study suggests that Morus alba is a multifunctional plant numerous phytochemicals, and possess a range of pharmacological activities. Conclusion: The data assembled on Morus alba will be beneficial to trigger research in various fields of pharmaceutical and allied science to explore the medicinal importance of this unique plant.

scholarly journals Multi-Task Optimization and Multi-Task Evolutionary Computation in the Past Five Years: A Brief Review

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 864
Author(s):  
Qingzheng Xu ◽  
Na Wang ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Qian Sun
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Computation ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Typical Application ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Evolution Algorithms ◽  
Application Fields

Traditional evolution algorithms tend to start the search from scratch. However, real-world problems seldom exist in isolation and humans effectively manage and execute multiple tasks at the same time. Inspired by this concept, the paradigm of multi-task evolutionary computation (MTEC) has recently emerged as an effective means of facilitating implicit or explicit knowledge transfer across optimization tasks, thereby potentially accelerating convergence and improving the quality of solutions for multi-task optimization problems. An increasing number of works have thus been proposed since 2016. The authors collect the abundant specialized literature related to this novel optimization paradigm that was published in the past five years. The quantity of papers, the nationality of authors, and the important professional publications are analyzed by a statistical method. As a survey on state-of-the-art of research on this topic, this review article covers basic concepts, theoretical foundation, basic implementation approaches of MTEC, related extension issues of MTEC, and typical application fields in science and engineering. In particular, several approaches of chromosome encoding and decoding, intro-population reproduction, inter-population reproduction, and evaluation and selection are reviewed when developing an effective MTEC algorithm. A number of open challenges to date, along with promising directions that can be undertaken to help move it forward in the future, are also discussed according to the current state. The principal purpose is to provide a comprehensive review and examination of MTEC for researchers in this community, as well as promote more practitioners working in the related fields to be involved in this fascinating territory.

scholarly journals A review on the production, structure, bioactivities and applications of Tremella polysaccharides

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 205873842110005
Author(s):  
Xia Ma ◽  
Meng Yang ◽  
Yan He ◽  
Chuntao Zhai ◽  
Chengliang Li
Keyword(s):  
Biologically Active ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Research Trend ◽  
Production Structure ◽  
Health States ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
The Past ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Active Natural

Tremella polysaccharide is known to be structurally unique and biologically active natural products, abundant and versatile in activities and applications in food industry, daily chemical industry and medicine industry. In order to improve the industrialisation of Tremella polysaccharide, the limitations of preparation and structure-activity relationship of Tremella polysaccharide were reviewed in this paper. The research progress of Tremella polysaccharide in the past 20 years was summarized from the sources, preparation methods, molecular structure, activity and application, and the research trend in the future was also prospected. The application prospect of Tremella polysaccharide in against multiple sub-health states was worth expecting.

SPECIAL ARTICLE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1954 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 668-672
Author(s):  
THOMAS H. LANMAN
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Surgical Service ◽  
Open Thoracotomy ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Children’S Hospital ◽  
Surgical Field ◽  
Heavy Mortality

IT IS a great honor to be asked to present the first William E. Ladd Lecture before the American Academy of Pediatrics. This I appreciate and as this is the first lecture in my former Chief's honor, I shall devote my time more to Doctor Ladd and what he accomplished during his long and devoted service as Chief of the Surgical Service of the Boston Children's Hospital than to the presentation of anything new. In these days of great changes in the surgical field, it is very easy to overlook or even to forget the good things that were done in the past. I said "changes" rather than advances for some of the changes of today are not advances. It is easier to appreciate the extraordinary widening in the field of surgical endeavor that has been made possible by improvements in pre- and postoperative care, anesthesia, and the more effective means to combat infection than it is to remember what was done in a previous generation without such new and valuable aids. When I began my service at the Boston Children's Hospital in 1919, most of the deaths on the Surgical Service were caused by infection. Long surgical procedures involving an open thoracotomy were impossible. Prolonged operations on the gastrointestinal tract carried a heavy mortality largely because of our lack of knowledge of fluid balance. In those earlier days, an operation that exceeded an hour in length was considered to be entering a very dangerous phase. It is well, however, to review some of the types of cases done in those days and to keep in mind that the basic principles one had to follow at that time are still valid and that the good results of today are by no means entirely due to modern methods. Let me cite a few examples.

scholarly journals One pot synthesis of 3, 4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-thiones using orange peel powder under ultrasonic irradiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 919-923
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ultrasonic Irradiation ◽  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Multicomponent Reactions ◽  
Orange Peel ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Atom Economy ◽  
One Pot ◽  
The Past

Biginelli, an important multicomponent reaction provides an avenue for the synthesis of different biologically active heterocyclic compounds. During the past decade, one pot multicomponent reactions have attracted the attention of organic and medicinal chemists due to high atom economy, time and enery saving convergent nature. The present manuscript reports a simple one pot three component synthesis of 3, 4-dihydroprimidin-2(1H)-thiones from various diversely substituted aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate and thiourea using a orange peel powder as a natural catalyst on ultrasonic irradiation in aqueous medium as the solvent. The advantages of this reaction are less reaction time, high yield, easy availability of the catalyst and green nature.

SO2 Measurement with Sorption - Cumulative and Ultraviolet Fluorescent Method near Nováky Power Plant

2016 ◽  
Vol 832 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Jozefína Pokrývková ◽  
Jakub Fuska ◽  
Viliam Bárek
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Measuring Station ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Fluorescent Method ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Reduction Of Emissions ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Pollution Impact

Satisfying of increasing demands of society has often resulted in uncontrolled discharges of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The situation is gradually improving over the past 50 years, but the environmental impact is still evident and it must be monitored and evaluated. Reduction of emissions released into the atmosphere and reduction of air pollution impact on the Earth surface occurs due to development of new methods and technologies in the industry and legislation. This paper deals with the possibilities of the two methods of the SO2 concentration measurements - sorption - cumulative and ultraviolet fluorescent method at the location of the power plant Novaky. In the imission area is built automated measuring station (AMS) Oslany (operated by ENVITECH, managed by Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute Bratislava) as the measure of the total concentration of the pollutant. The research have shown that the maximum concentration detected in this area reached up to 64.46 µg.m-3 of SO2

The Urine Anion Gap: Common Misconceptions

2021 ◽  
pp. ASN.2020101509
Author(s):  
Jaime Uribarri ◽  
Man S. Oh
Keyword(s):  
Food Additives ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Anion Gap ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Nonsteady State ◽  
Acid Load ◽  
Strong Inverse Correlation

Two papers, one in 1986 and another one in 1988, reported a strong inverse correlation between urinary anion gap (UAG) and urine ammonia excretion (UNH4) in patients with metabolic acidosis and postulated that UAG could be used as an indirect measure of UNH4. This postulation has persisted until now and is widely accepted. In this review, we discuss factors regulating UAG and examine published evidence to uncover errors in the postulate and the design of the original studies. The essential fact is that, in the steady state, UAG reflects intake of Na, K, and Cl. Discrepancy between intake and urinary output of these electrolytes (i.e., UAG) indicates selective extrarenal loss of these electrolytes or nonsteady state. UNH4 excretion, which depends, in the absence of renal dysfunction, mainly on the daily acid load, has no consistent relationship to UAG either theoretically or in reality. Any correlation between UAG and UNH4, when observed, was a fortuitous correlation and cannot be extrapolated to other situations. Furthermore, the normal value of UAG has greatly increased over the past few decades, mainly due to increases in dietary intake of potassium and widespread use of sodium salts with anions other than chloride as food additives. The higher normal values of UAG must be taken into consideration in interpreting UAG.

Russian marketing analysis of biologically active additives with pancreatic enzyme

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Igor A. Narkevich ◽  
Oksana D. Nemyatykh ◽  
Irina I. Basakina ◽  
Anastasiya I. Fitisova
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Pancreatic Enzyme ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Study Group ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Marketing Analysis ◽  
The Russian Federation

The Russian market of biologically active additives, which include pancreatine and pancreatic enzymes — amylase, protease, lipase, has been analyzed. It was established that the study group is represented by a wide range (approximately 150 names), which is represented mainly by foreign manufacturers (approximately 80%). The monotonous tendency to increase sales by volume in all regions of the Russian Federation over the past 5 years has been analyzed. It should be noted that, today consumer preferences biologically active additives of domestic production despite the significant share of imported dietary supplements in the supply structure. High demand is primarily due to the accessibility and increased trust and loyalty of modern consumers to national producers of biologically active additives .

scholarly journals Relevance of folic acid fortification of foods in the nutrition of women and children

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
R. Uherova ◽  
M. Horkulicova ◽  
M. Mikusova
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Folic Acid Fortification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hydrophilic Character ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Folic acid and its biologically  active derivates  (folacin  or folates)  rank among  the B-group  vitamins  due to their  hydrophilic character. This acid occurs in nature either in the free form or it is bound to proteins or polysaccharides. Folic acid belongs to the group of vitamins which, in the past were not considered important because the relevance of the acid in biological  processes of the living cell has been discovered  by the scientific  research only in recent years. Folates play an important role as co-enzymes in the synthesis of RNA, DNA, proteins and of some essential amino acids. Therefore they are inevitable for the haematopoiesis, growth and reproduction  of cells. In this sense a widely oriented  research  named "Maternal Folate Status" is proceeding  in the U.S.A., Australia and France.

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