Quantifying the Motion of Murine Epicardial Coronary Arteries

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Long ◽  
Hui Zhu ◽  
Morton H. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Mechanical Stresses ◽  
Intimal Thickening ◽  
High Cholesterol ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis ◽  
Obesity Hypertension ◽  
Accumulation Of Lipids

Coronary artery atherosclerosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in western societies. Atherosclerosis is a progressive fibroinflammatory disease identified by intimal thickening, the focal accumulation of lipids, fibrous elements, and cellular elements within the walls of large arteries. These lesions preferentially develop at arterial branches, the outer walls of bifurcations, and the inner walls of curved sections; the cause of this focal vasculopathy is not fully understood. It is, however, understood from epidemiological and clinical studies that individual susceptibility to the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions is influenced by “traditional” systemic risk factors, including smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, and high cholesterol. However, these risk factors cannot account for half of the variability in occurrence of this disease; this indicates additional risk factors have not been identified. One prevalent explanation of the focal nature of the disease is that the local fluid mechanical stresses at the walls of coronary arteries, as well as mechanical stresses within the vessel wall, may mediate the phenotype of endothelial cells thereby producing atherosusceptible sites. Therefore, it has been speculated [1] that certain aspects of arterial geometry and motion, which vary substantially among individuals, may increase an individual’s susceptibility to developing atherosclerosis — “geometric risk factors”.

Intimal thickening in the coronary arteries of infants and children as an indicator of risk factors for coronary heart disease

1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (suppl E) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pesonen ◽  
R. Norio ◽  
J. Hirvonen ◽  
K. Karkola ◽  
V. Kuusela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Intimal Thickening

Abstract 15108: Imaging Coronary Atherosclerosis Using [18F]FDG PET-CT: Validation Study in Pigs

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miikka Tarkia ◽  
Antti Saraste ◽  
Christoffer Stark ◽  
Tommi Vähäsilta ◽  
Timo Savunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Intimal Thickening ◽  
Fdg Uptake ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
18F Fdg

Introduction: Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) can be used to detect atherosclerotic plaque inflammation. The degree of [18F]FDG uptake in different stages of coronary atherosclerosis remains largely unknown. Thus, we studied the amount of [18F]FDG uptake and feasibility of its in vivo quantification by combination of PET and computed tomography angiography (CTA) in a pig model of atherosclerosis. Methods: In order to induce coronary atherosclerosis, diabetes was caused by streptozotocin injections in farm pigs (n=10). After 6 months on high-fat diet, pigs underwent dual gated cardiac PET and CTA to measure [18F]FDG uptake in the proximal segments of coronary arteries as maximal target to background ratio (TBR = [18F]FDG uptake normalized to blood pool). Proximal coronary segments (n=33) were harvested for ex vivo measurement of radioactivity and for histology and measurement of tracer uptake into the vessel wall by autoradiography (ARG). Results: The pigs were hyperglycemic (12.3±4.7 mmol/L) and hypercholesterolemic (12.7±5.1 mmol/L) at the end of the study. The coronary arteries showed intimal thickening (n=16 segments) and atheroma (n=10 segments). Compared with the normal vessel wall, ARG showed 1.7±0.7 times higher accumulation of [18F]FDG in intimal thickening and 4.1±2.3 in atheroma (p=0.004 and p=0.003, respectively). Ex vivo mean vessel to blood ratio of segments with atheroma was higher than non-atherosclerotic segments (2.6±1.2 vs. 1.3±0.7, p=0.04). In vivo PET imaging showed the highest TBR of 2.7. However, maximal TBR was not significantly different in segments without atherosclerosis (1.1±0.5) and either intimal thickening (1.2±0.4, p=1.0) or atheroma (1.6±0.6, p=0.4) and no correlation was seen between the segmental TBR measured by in vivo PET-CT and [18F]FDG uptake measured by either biodistribution or autoradiography. Conclusions: We found increased [18F]FDG uptake in atherosclerotic lesions. However, quantification of [18F]FDG uptake in these relatively small and early stage atherosclerotic lesions by dual gated PET and CTA was not feasible. Further studies are needed to clarify feasibility of this approach in more advanced and highly inflamed atherosclerotic coronary plaques.

scholarly journals Virus-induced atherosclerosis.

1978 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
C G Fabricant ◽  
J Fabricant ◽  
M M Litrenta ◽  
C R Minick
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Herpes Viruses ◽  
Intimal Thickening ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Large Coronary Arteries

Of four groups of chickens, two (groups I and II) were infected with MDV and two were not (groups III and IV). Groups I and III were fed diets low in lipid, and groups II and IV were fed cholesterol-supplemented diets. Striking grossly visible atherosclerotic lesions were seen in large coronary arteries, aortas, and major aortic branches of infected normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic chickens (groups I and II). In contrast, grossly visible atherosclerotic lesions were not seen in uninfected normocholesterolemic chickens (group III), nor in uninfected hypercholesterolemic chickens (group IV). Microscopically, arterial changes in the infected animals were characterized by occlusive fibromuscular intimal thickening which formed fibrous caps overlying areas of atheromatous change. This change closely resembled chronic atherosclerosis in man. These results may have important bearing on our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of human arteriosclerosis since there is widespread and persistent infection of human populations with up to five different herpes-viruses.

scholarly journals An Autopsy Study of Atherosclerotic Changes in Coronary Arteries at B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Sudhir Raman Parajuli ◽  
Bishwonath Yadav ◽  
Prahlad Karki ◽  
Paricha Upadhyaya ◽  
Shivendra Jha
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Conventional Technique ◽  
Histopathological Study ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Autopsy Study ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Atherosclerosis is a giant killer and the incidence of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries is rapidly increasing. The study was designed to assess the atherosclerotic lesions in coronary artery and to correlate the risk factors related to prevalence of atherosclerosis. Methods: Heart from 100 medico legal autopsy cases ranging between ages 15 to 35 years which came to BPKIHS Dharan were taken for this study and processed for coronary arteries using conventional technique. They were then studied,and grading was done based on Modified American Heart Association (AHA) classification of atherosclerosis. Results: Intimal thickening was noted in more than 90% in all three coronary arteries followed by intimal xanthoma whereas intermediate lesion for atherosclerosis was not found. Age, gender, smoking and alcohol in relation to atherosclerosis were found to be of no significance. Conclusion: The study highlights the impact of atherosclerotic lesions in the Eastern region of Nepal. Meticulous postmortem examination along with histopathological study is the best possible way to study atherosclerotic disease in humans and risk factors associated with it.

Aortic Hemodynamics and Endothelial Gene Expression: An Animal Specific Approach

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Chung Lim ◽  
David S. Long
Keyword(s):  
Cell Layer ◽  
Mechanical Stresses ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Dynamic Cell ◽  
Flowing Blood ◽  
Endothelial Gene Expression ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Accumulation Of Lipids ◽  
Aortic Hemodynamics

Atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. This disease is identified by endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and the accumulation of lipids and cellular elements within the intima of medium and large-sized arteries. Within these arteries, the distribution of atherosclerotic lesions is non-uniform; the inner wall of curved sections and the outer walls of bifurcations are susceptible sites. Evidence suggests that the focal nature of the disease is mediated in part by local fluid mechanical stresses at the interface between flowing blood and the vessel wall. Strategically located at this interface is the monolayer of cells known as the endothelium. Although it was once considered to be an inert cell layer, the endothelium is a highly complex and metabolically dynamic cell layer. As a result, local fluid mechanical stresses at the wall of arteries may alter the phenotype of endothelial cells (ECs). With that in mind, the aim of this study is to better characterize the modulation of the endothelial cell phenotype in response to blood flow induced wall shear stress (WSS).

Stress, Cortisol and Suicide Risk

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl Brian O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hpa Axis Activity ◽  
The Impact

Suicide is a global health issue accounting for at least 800,000 deaths per annum. Numerous models have been proposed that differ in their emphasis on the role of psychological, social, psychiatric and neurobiological factors in explaining suicide risk. Central to many models is a stress-diathesis component which states that suicidal behavior is the result of an interaction between acutely stressful events and a susceptibility to suicidal behavior (a diathesis). This article presents an overview of studies that demonstrate that stress and dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, as measured by cortisol levels, are important additional risk factors for suicide. Evidence for other putative stress-related suicide risk factors including childhood trauma, impaired executive function, impulsivity and disrupted sleep are considered together with the impact of family history of suicide, perinatal and epigenetic influences on suicide risk.

Does HbA1cc Play a Role in the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases?

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (24) ◽  
pp. 2876-2882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kailash Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) may be mediated through increases in the cardiovascular risk factors. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) also called glycated hemoglobin is presently used for the diagnosis and management of diabetes. It has adverse effects on cardiovascular system. This review deals with its synthesis and effects on the cardiovascular system. The serum levels of HbA1c have been reported to be affected by various factors including, the lifespan of erythrocytes, factors affecting erythropoiesis, agents interfering glycation of Hb, destruction of erythrocytes, drugs that shift the formation of Hb, statins, and drugs interfering the HbA1c assay. Levels of HbA1c are positively correlated with serum glucose and advanced glycation end products ( AGE), but no correlation between AGE and serum glucose. AGE cannot replace HbA1c for the diagnosis and management of diabetes because there is no correlation of AGE with serum glucose, and because the half-life of protein with which glucose combines is only 14-20 days as compared to erythrocytes which have a half-life of 90-120 days. HbA1c is positively associated with CVD such as the carotid and coronary artery atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke and hypertension.HbA1c induces dyslipidemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, and hypertension, and increases C-reactive protein, oxidative stress and blood viscosity that would contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, HbA1c serves as a useful marker for the diagnosis and management of diabetes. AGE cannot replace HbA1c in the diagnosis and management of diabetes. There is an association of HbA1c with CVD which be mediated through modulation of CVD risk factors.

Cardiovascular Risk in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Mechanistic Links: From Pathophysiology to Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. Fragoulis ◽  
Ismini Panayotidis ◽  
Elena Nikiphorou
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cv Disease ◽  
Obesity Hypertension ◽  
Inflammatory Burden

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory arthritis. Inflammation, however, can spread beyond the joints to involve other organs. During the past few years, it has been well recognized that RA associates with increased risk for cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) compared with the general population. This seems to be due not only to the increased occurrence in RA of classical CVD risk factors and comorbidities like smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and others but also to the inflammatory burden that RA itself carries. This is not unexpected given the strong links between inflammation and atherosclerosis and CVD. It has been shown that inflammatory cytokines which are present in abundance in RA play a significant role in every step of plaque formation and rupture. Most of the therapeutic regimes used in RA treatment seem to offer significant benefits to that end. However, more studies are needed to clarify the effect of these drugs on various parameters, including the lipid profile. Of note, although pharmacological intervention significantly helps reduce the inflammatory burden and therefore the CVD risk, control of the so-called classical risk factors is equally important. Herein, we review the current evidence for the underlying pathogenic mechanisms linking inflammation with CVD in the context of RA and reflect on the possible impact of treatments used in RA.

scholarly journals P6454Myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries (MINCA): risk factors and 1-year prognosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. Azevedo ◽  
J. Guedes ◽  
J. Bispo ◽  
D. Bento ◽  
D. Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Arteries ◽  
Normal Coronary Arteries
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