Lading Effects on Tank Car Impact Response

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W. Kirkpatrick ◽  
Virginia Phan
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Impact Response ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Safety Research ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Car Safety ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Specific Impact

Tank car design requirements and tank car safety research both evaluate impact conditions for a fluid filled tank. For the test conditions, the fluid is typically water or water based slurry that has an appropriate density to represent a specific lading. The pressure is commonly applied to the tank using compressed air. In analyses, the effects of the fluid are often included using computational simplifications such as adding the weight of the fluid lading to the tank mass and adding a constant internal pressure to the tank. For specific impact scenarios the effects of these modeling approximations have been analyzed to assess the magnitude of the effects on impact and puncture behavior. This paper describes analyses performed to evaluate the effects of the lading on the impact and puncture behavior of tank cars. The lading is explicitly modeled in various impact conditions to assess the behavior of the lading and the effect of modeling approximations on the dynamic response. In addition, the effects of the internal pressure and outage volume of various commodities on the puncture behavior are also analyzed.

Influence of Ply Stacking Sequences on the Impact Response of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Laminates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Gjerrestad Andersen ◽  
Gbanaibolou Jombo ◽  
Sikiru Oluwarotimi Ismail ◽  
Segun Adeyemi ◽  
Rajini N ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Composite Laminates ◽  
Impact Response ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Viscous-like forces control the impact response of shear-thickening dense suspensions

2021 ◽  
Vol 923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc-Andre Brassard ◽  
Neil Causley ◽  
Nasser Krizou ◽  
Joshua A. Dijksman ◽  
Abram. H. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Shear Thickening ◽  
Impact Response ◽  
Dense Suspensions ◽  
The Impact

Abstract

Effect of long-term moisture exposure on impact response of glass-reinforced vinylester

2021 ◽  
pp. 147509022199616
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Alizadeh ◽  
Navid Kharghani ◽  
Carlos Guedes Soares
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Composite Plates ◽  
Impact Response ◽  
Low Velocity Impact ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Interfacial Damage ◽  
Impact Properties ◽  
The Impact

Glass/Vinylester composite laminates are comprehensively characterised to assess its impact response behaviour under moisture exposure in marine structures. An instrumented drop weight impact machine is utilised to determine the impact responses of dry and immersed specimens in normal, salted and sea water. The specimens, which had three different thicknesses, were subjected to water exposure for a very long period of over 20 months before tested in a low-velocity impact experiment. Water uptake was measured primarily to study the degradation profiles of GRP laminates after being permeated by water. Matrix dissolution and interfacial damage observed on the laminates after prolonged moisture exposure while the absorption behaviour was found typically non-Fickian. The weight of the composite plates firstly increased because of water diffusion up to month 15 and then decreased due to matrix degradation. The specimens with 3, 6 and 9 mm thickness exhibited maximum water absorption corresponding to 2.6%, 0.7% and 0.5% weight gain, respectively. In general, the results indicated that water uptake and impact properties were affected by thickness and less by water type. Impact properties of prolonged immersed specimens reduced remarkably, and intense failure modes detected almost in all cases. The least sensitive to impact damage were wet specimens with 9 mm thickness as they indicated similar maximum load and absorbed energy for different impact energies.

Response and failure modes of biaxial warp-knitted flexible composite subject to low-velocity impact

2021 ◽  
pp. 152808372110154
Author(s):  
Ziyu Zhao ◽  
Tianming Liu ◽  
Pibo Ma
Keyword(s):  
Impact Energy ◽  
Linear Density ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Impact Response ◽  
Low Velocity Impact ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Velocity Impact ◽  
Flexible Composites ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, biaxial warp-knitted fabrics were produced with different high tenacity polyester linear density and inserted yarns density. The low-velocity impact property of flexible composites made of polyurethane as matrix and biaxial warp-knitted fabric as reinforcement has been investigated. The effect of impactor shape and initial impact energy on the impact response of flexible composite is tested. The results show that the initial impact energy have minor effect on the impact response of the biaxial warp-knitted flexible composites. The impact resistance of flexible composite specimen increases with the increase of high tenacity polyester linear density and inserted yarns density. The damage morphology of flexible composite materials is completely different under different impactor shapes. The findings have theoretical and practical significance for the applications of biaxial warp-knitted flexible composite.

scholarly journals Computer Model for Financial, Environmental and Risk Analysis of a Wind–Diesel Hybrid System with Compressed Air Energy Storage

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 4054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef Benchaabane ◽  
Rosa Elvira Silva ◽  
Hussein Ibrahim ◽  
Adrian Ilinca ◽  
Ambrish Chandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
The Impact

Remote and isolated communities in Canada experience gaps in access to stable energy sources and must rely on diesel generators for heat and electricity. However, the cost and environmental impact resulting from the use of fossil fuels, especially in local energy production, heating, industrial processes and transportation are compelling reasons to support the development and deployment of renewable energy hybrid systems. This paper presents a computer model for economic analysis and risk assessment of a wind–diesel hybrid system with compressed air energy storage. The proposed model is developed from the point of view of the project investor and it includes technical, financial, risk and environmental analysis. Robustness is evaluated through sensitivity analysis. The model has been validated by comparing the results of a wind–diesel case study against those obtained using HOMER (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States) and RETScreen (Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada, Canada) software. The impact on economic performance of adding energy storage system in a wind–diesel hybrid system has been discussed. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of such hybrid system as a suitable power generator in terms of high net present value and internal rate of return, low cost of energy, as well as low risk assessment. In addition, the environmental impact is positive since less fuel is used.

scholarly journals Threshold Effects of Infectious Disease Outbreaks on Livestock Prices: Cases of African Swine Fever and Avian Influenza in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5114
Author(s):  
Hyung-Chul Rah ◽  
Hyeon-Woong Kim ◽  
Aziz Nasridinov ◽  
Wan-Sup Cho ◽  
Seo-Hwa Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Impact Response ◽  
Threshold Effects ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Retail Prices ◽  
The Impact

In this paper we demonstrate the threshold effects of infectious diseases on livestock prices. Daily retail prices of pork and chicken were used as structured data; news and SNS mentions of African Swine Fever (ASF) and Avian Influenza (AI) were used as unstructured data. Models were tested for the threshold effects of disease-related news and SNS frequencies, specifically those related to ASF and AI, on the retail prices of pork and chicken, respectively. The effects were found to exist, and the values of ASF-related news on pork prices were estimated to be −9 and 8, indicating that the threshold autoregressive (TAR) model can be divided into three regimes. The coefficients of the ASF-related SNS frequencies on pork prices were 1.1666, 0.2663 and −0.1035 for regimes 1, 2 and 3, respectively, suggesting that pork prices increased by 1.1666 Korean won in regime 1 when ASF-related SNS frequencies increased. To promote pork consumption by SNS posts, the required SNS frequencies were estimated to have impacts as great as one standard deviation in the pork price. These values were 247.057, 1309.158 and 2817.266 for regimes 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The impact response periods for pork prices were estimated to last 48, 6, and 8 days for regimes 1, 2 and 3, respectively. When the prediction accuracies of the TAR and autoregressive (AR) models with regard to pork prices were compared for the root mean square error, the prediction accuracy of the TAR model was found to be slightly better than that of the AR. When the threshold effect of AI-related news on chicken prices was tested, a linear relationship appeared without a threshold effect. These findings suggest that when infectious diseases such as ASF occur for the first time, the impact on livestock prices is significant, as indicated by the threshold effect and the long impact response period. Our findings also suggest that the impact on livestock prices is not remarkable when infectious diseases occur multiple times, as in the case of AI. To date, this study is the first to suggest the use of SNS to promote meat consumption.

Residual Stresses in Intrinsic UD-CFRP-Steel-Laminates - Experimental Determination, Identification of Sources, Effects and Modification Approaches

2015 ◽  
Vol 825-826 ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Prussak ◽  
Daniel Stefaniak ◽  
Christian Hühne ◽  
Michael Sinapius
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Epoxy Composite ◽  
Thermal Residual Stress ◽  
Fiber Metal Laminates ◽  
Fiber Metal ◽  
Impact Energies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Specific Impact

This paper focuses on the reduction of process-related thermal residual stress in fiber metal laminates and its impact on the mechanical properties. Different modifications during fabrication of co-cure bonded steel/carbon epoxy composite hybrid structures were investigated. Specific examinations are conducted on UD-CFRP-Steel specimens, modifying temperature, pressure or using a thermal expansion clamp during manufacturing. The impact of these parameters is then measured on the deflection of asymmetrical specimens or due yield-strength measurements of symmetrical specimens. The tensile strength is recorded to investigate the effect of thermal residual stress on the mechanical properties. Impact tests are performed to determine the influence on resulting damage areas at specific impact energies. The experiments revealed that the investigated modifications during processing of UD-CFRP-Steel specimens can significantly lower the thermal residual stress and thereby improve the tensile strength.

Designing Requirement of Spring and MR Damper for New Type Baby Car Seat

2015 ◽  
Vol 741 ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Hyun Cho ◽  
Seung Bok Choi
Keyword(s):  
Mr Damper ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Magnetorheological Damper ◽  
Car Seat ◽  
Car Safety ◽  
New Type ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
The Law ◽  
Car Accident ◽  
Safety Seat

In modern society, a plenty of car accident is occurred and a lot of people get injury every day. For this reason, the importance of car safety has been increased and car safety has been extensively studied. Especially in many countries, the law about using baby safety seat is legislated to protect babies and children from accident. Thus, recently numerous products for baby safety have been developed. In this paper, a new type baby car seat is proposed to protect babies and children from frontal accident. In order to achieve this goal, design requirements of spring and MR(Magnetorheological) Damper which are main elements for a new type baby car seat are investigated.

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