Wheel Rim Axial Residual Stress and a Proposed Mechanism for Vertical Split Rim Formation

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Lonsdale ◽  
John Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Axial Residual Stress ◽  
Railroad Wheels ◽  
Hoop Stresses ◽  
Future Work

Railroad wheels are manufactured with beneficial residual compressive hoop stresses, which are imparted by rim quenching and tempering. Hoop and radial residual stresses for wheels have been studied in detail by various organizations over the years and are relatively well characterized. However axial residual stresses, in the orientation across the rim width from back rim face to front rim face, have not been extensively investigated. This paper describes a failure mode known as a vertical split rim (VSR) and describes efforts to measure the axial residual stresses in, 1) new wheels, 2) service worn wheels and 3) wheels that have failed from VSRs. Initial axial residual stress measurement efforts, using core drilling and x-ray diffraction from the tread surface, are briefly reviewed. Further more extensive work using x-ray diffraction to measure axial residual stress on radial wheel slices is described and data are presented, focusing on differences between the three wheel types. The concept of Axial Stress Amplification (ASA) is outlined, and the relationship of axial residual stress to VSRs is discussed. A proposed mechanism for VSR formation is described. Future work, with a goal of reducing or eliminating VSRs in service, is considered.

Investigation of Residual Stress in Green Compacts of Metal Powder Using X-Ray Diffraction

2012 ◽  
Vol 554-556 ◽  
pp. 461-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhou ◽  
Lian Hong Zhang ◽  
Yu Hong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
American Standard ◽  
Compaction Processes ◽  
Compacting Pressure

Residual stresses in green compacts have a significant influence on the quality of the compact and post-compaction processes like part handling. In this study, the latest European and American standard for residual stress measurement by X-ray diffraction have been used to obtain more exact residual stresses in surface of green compacts as experimental evidence for simulation. The influence of kinds of powders, compacting pressure and friction on residual stresses in green compact has been studied.

scholarly journals X-Ray Diffraction Technique for Residual Stress Measurement in NiCrMo Alloy Weld Metal

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Ivanovitch Monine ◽  
João da Cruz Payão Filho ◽  
Rodrigo Stohler Gonzaga ◽  
Elisa Kimus Dias Passos ◽  
Joaquim Teixeira de Assis
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Weld Metal ◽  
Welded Joint ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wire Brushing ◽  
Alloy Weld

In the present work, residual stresses in nickel-based (Ni 625) superalloy weld metal of a 9%Ni steel-welded joint were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). This technique presents some difficulties in performing measurements in coarse and preferentially oriented weld metal microstructures. It is proposed a preliminary surface treatment by rotating steel wire brushing to perform the stress analysis through XRD technique possible for this kind of material. Stress measurements with proposed XRD technique showed that the stress state in Ni 625 weld metal on the outside surface of the welded joint is characterised by tensile stresses in the transverse and longitudinal directions, while compressive transverse and tensile longitudinal residual stresses are developed in the root pass region.

Residual Stress Measurements on IN718 Fatigue Specimens Using X-Ray Diffraction Techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
pp. 578-582
Author(s):  
Yi Fei Gao ◽  
Shu Lan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Special Requirement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stress Measurements ◽  
Surface Residual Stresses

Residual stress measurements were successfully performed on the representative IN718 fatigue specimens by X-Ray Diffraction. All surface residual stresses were found to be compressive. A stress gradient normal to the surface was observed on all specimens. The residual stresses tended to become less compressive with increasing depth into the parts. Residual stress measurement is the special requirement for NADCAP CRITERIA AC 7101/7. In this paper, residual stress measurements were successfully performed on two IN718 low cycle fatigue test specimens.

Effect of Wheel Truing on Wheel Rim Axial Residual Stress

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Lonsdale ◽  
John Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
North American ◽  
Service Performance ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wheel Rim ◽  
Axial Residual Stress ◽  
Stress Patterns

Recent x-ray diffraction testing of wheels with machined treads showed that axial residual stresses in the wheel rim were different than the axial residual stresses in Vertical Split Rim (VSR) wheels, and service worn wheels with no machining. As a result, a larger study was conducted at the wheel shops of major North American railroads. Tread damaged wheelsets were machined to remove tread damage and restore the flange/tread profile. The amount of metal removed from the treads was recorded, wheels were demounted, and slices were removed from the machined wheel rims at pre-marked areas for x-ray diffraction testing. The wheel rim axial residual stress patterns for the machined wheels are presented and are compared to the axial residual stress patterns for VSR wheels and used wheels with no machining. Data are presented for both forged and cast wheels. Implications for improved service performance from reduced tread damage are also discussed.

scholarly journals On the Surface Residual Stress Measurement in Magnesium Alloys Using X-Ray Diffraction

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5190
Author(s):  
Amir Yazdanmehr ◽  
Hamid Jahed
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Magnesium Alloys ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Rolled Sheet ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Small Uncertainty ◽  
Low X

X-ray penetration in magnesium alloys is significant due to the low X-ray mass attenuation coefficient. To measure the surface residual stresses in magnesium alloys, a correction needs to be made to account for penetration depth. The residual stresses in as-received and shot peened AZ31B-H24 rolled sheet samples were measured using two-dimensional X-ray diffraction (2D-XRD) method. The electro-polishing layer removal method was used to find the residual stress pattern at the surface and through the depth. The results show that the corrected residual stresses in a few tens of micrometers layer from the surface differ from the raw stresses. To better estimate the residual stress distribution in the surface, the grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) technique was applied. Additionally, micrographs of the lateral cross-section of the peened specimens confirmed the presence of microcracks in this region, causing the residual stresses to vanish. Due to the low X-ray absorption coefficient of Mg alloys, this study shows how a small uncertainty in a single raw measurement leads to high uncertainty in the corrected residual stresses. The results were corroborated with the hole drilling method of residual stress measurements. The corrected X-ray diffraction (XRD) results are in close agreement with the hole drilling and GIXD results.

Measurement of Residual Stresses in Thin Films by Two-Dimensional XRD

2006 ◽  
Vol 524-525 ◽  
pp. 613-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bob B. He
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Residual Stress Analysis

This paper introduces the recent progress in two-dimensional X-ray diffraction as well as its applications in residual stress analysis in thin films. The stress measurement with twodimensional x-ray diffraction can be done with low incident angle and is not limited to the peaks with high two-theta angles like the conventional method. When residual stresses of thin films are measured, a low incident angle is preferred to maximize the diffraction signals from the thin films surfaces instead of from the substrates and matrix materials. Since one stress measurement at one fixed incident angle is possible, stress gradients in depth can be measured by series of incident angles. Some experimental examples are given to show the stress measurement at low and fixed incident angle.

scholarly journals Statistical analysis of the reproducibility of residual stress measurements in cold extruded parts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Jaeger ◽  
Alessandro Franceschi ◽  
Holger Hoche ◽  
Peter Groche ◽  
Matthias Oechsner
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Cold Extrusion ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stress States ◽  
Key Aspects

AbstractCold extruded components are characterized by residual stresses, which originate from the experienced manufacturing process. For industrial applications, reproducibility and homogeneity of the final components are key aspects for an optimized quality control. Although striving to obtain identical deformation and surface conditions, fluctuation in the manufacturing parameters and contact shear conditions during the forming process may lead to variations of the spatial residual stress distribution in the final product. This could lead to a dependency of the residual stress measurement results on the relative axial and circumferential position on the sample. An attempt to examine this problem is made by the employment of design of experiments (DoE) methods. A statistical analysis of the residual stress results generated through X-Ray diffraction is performed. Additionally, the ability of cold extrusion processes to generate uniform stress states is analyzed on specimens of austenitic stainless steel 1.4404 and possible correlations with the pre-deformed condition are statistically examined. Moreover, the influence of the coating, consisting of oxalate and a MoS2 based lubricant, on the X-Ray diffraction measurements of the surface is investigated.

X-ray residual stress analysis of cylindrically curved surfaces—estimation of circumferential distributions of residual stresses

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Oguri ◽  
K Murata ◽  
Y Sato
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Stress Measurement ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Axial Stress ◽  
Circumferential Stress ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Scanning Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reference Axis

A new measuring technique utilizing X-ray diffraction is proposed in order to estimate the circumferential distributions of residual stresses on convex/concave cylindrical surfaces. This technique requires neither tilting X-ray beams in the circumferential direction in which the X-ray incident angle tends to be limited nor adjusting the normal of the irradiation area to the reference axis of the ψ angle. The circumferential distributions of the circumferential stress and of the axial stress are estimated from the diffraction angles at ψ = 0° and the axial stresses obtained by the stress measurement on multiple inclined areas on the cylindrical surfaces under the configuration of the axial stress measurement using the iso-inclination scanning method. This estimate technique was applied to two round bars of steel, one with circumferential distributions of the residual stresses and the other with almost uniform stresses. The distribution functions of the residual stresses were expanded to a couple of Fourier series, and the coefficients of them were determined by the least-squares method. The estimated distributions of the residual stresses were in good agreement with the actual ones.

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