Phoenix Light Rail Vehicle Front End Design Review With Crash Energy Management Bumper

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian P. Donohue
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Light Rail ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Front End ◽  
Traffic Intersections ◽  
Modern System ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Street Traffic ◽  
New Generation

December 27, 2008 marked the grand opening of METRO Light Rail transit service linking the cities of Phoenix, Tempe and Mesa, Arizona. In Phoenix, this event harkened back to an era with similar streetcar service that ceased operations in 1948. After a 55 year absence, final design of the modern system commenced in 2003, and the acute need to address safety concerns with a new generation of valley residents began. This 20.4 mile (32.6 km) system contains 28 stations, runs on reserved rights of way, >95% in city streets, and contains over 149 street traffic intersections, highway ramps and slip-ramps. In an effort to lessen injuries and damage to the public, train crew and light rail equipment, the Agency’s consultant recommended several key changes to the typical North American light rail system design. Included was an unprecedented change to the front end of the light rail vehicles with an industry first, crash energy management (CEM) bumper. This report discusses the design and functionality of the Phoenix LRV front end and bumper from concept through revenue service.

Development of Crash Energy Management for Light Rail Vehicles

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W. Kirkpatrick ◽  
Robert A. MacNeill ◽  
Glenn Gough ◽  
Emil Hice
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Light Rail ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Rail Vehicle ◽  
Design Methodologies ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Rail Industry

Rail vehicle safety standards for the United States have historically placed emphasis on static structural strength requirements to ensure safety. The primary requirements to ensure crash safety of light rail vehicles were static load cases including car body buff loads, collision post loads, corner post loads, etc. More recent developments for light rail vehicles in the United States have included crash energy management design methodologies. This is consistent with the trend in other modes of transportation applying modern crashworthiness engineering. The challenges of incorporating crash energy management into light rail vehicles are the lack of crashworthiness standards for the light rail industry, the introduction of new design methodologies, and the concerns of compatibility of new and older equipment. This issue of compatibility in vehicle designs would often inhibit introduction of innovations and potential safety improvements within an existing light rail transit system. However, there are ongoing efforts to address each of these challenges. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers has a committee working on the development of a new safety standard for light rail vehicles. Light rail vehicle manufacturers are increasingly using modern crashworthiness design principles. In addition, modern crash analysis methodologies allow for the assessment of vehicle incompatibilities in the design process. In this paper, the developments of crash energy management strategies in the light rail industry are discussed. These include the ongoing standards development efforts and the application of crash energy management principles in recent light rail vehicle design efforts. Examples will be provided for the use of crash analyses in a vehicle design. The interaction of the crash and static analyses will be discussed and examples of both compatible and incompatible collision scenarios will be presented.

Collision Safety Improvements for Light Rail Vehicles Operating in Shared Right of Way Street Environments

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Bocchieri ◽  
Steven W. Kirkpatrick ◽  
Claudia Navarro-Northrup ◽  
Robert A. MacNeill ◽  
Brian D. Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Light Rail ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Front End ◽  
Collision Safety ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Energy Absorbers ◽  
American Society ◽  
Energy Absorbing

The majority of fatalities that occur from light rail vehicle (LRV) operations are occupants of automobiles that are struck by the LRVs. Recent developments of crashworthiness standards for LRVs by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Rail Transit Vehicle Standards Committee included consideration of a wide variety of crash scenarios including collisions between LRVs and street running automobiles. The requirements included in the standard are primarily to create an enclosed front end geometry where the struck vehicle will not be entrapped or overridden. A smooth enclosed front end profile is a primary requirement for improving the compatibility of LRVs colliding with automobiles. More recently, a study has been initiated by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) to develop LRV front end features that further improve the crash compatibility with automobiles. The approach depends on results from computer simulation modeling of vehicle collisions across a wide variety of LRV bumper designs, some with and some without energy absorbers. Results of the study and the design of the energy absorbing bumper system are presented.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE COURT AS A PREREQUISITE FOR THE LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF A JUDGE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Skoromnyy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Legal Responsibility ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern System ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Law ◽  
Conceptual Foundations

The article reveals the conceptual foundations of the social responsibility of the court as an important prerequisite for the legal responsibility of a judge. It has been established that the problem of court and judge liability is regulated by the following international and Ukrainian documents, such as: 1) European Charter on the Law «On the Status of Judges» adopted by the Council of Europe; 2) The Law of Ukraine «On the Judicial System and the Status of Judges»; 3) the Constitution of Ukraine; 4) The Code of Judicial Ethics, approved by the Decision of the XI (regular) Congress of Judges of Ukraine; 5) Recommendation CM/Rec (2010) 12 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Council of Europe to member states regarding judges: independence, efficiency and responsibilities; 6) Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct. The results of a survey conducted by the Democratic Initiatives Foundation and the Razumkov Center, the Council of Judges of Ukraine and the Center for Judicial Studios with the support of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation based on the «Monitoring of the State of Independence of Judges in Ukraine – 2012» as part of the study of the level of trust in the modern system were considered and analyzed, justice, judges and courts. It is determined that a judge has both a legal and a moral duty to impartially, independently, in a timely manner and comprehensively consider court cases and make fair judicial decisions, administering justice on the basis of legislative norms. Based on the study of the practice of litigation, it has been proven that judges must skillfully operate with various instruments of protection from public influence. It has been established that in order to ensure the protection of judges from the public, it is necessary to create special units that will function as part of judicial self-government bodies. It was proposed that the Council of Judges of Ukraine, which acts as the highest body of judicial self- government in our state (in Ukraine), legislate the provision on ensuring the protection of the procedural independence of judges.

scholarly journals Abundant Citizen Science Data Reveal That the Peacock Butterfly Aglais io Recently Became Bivoltine in Belgium

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 683
Author(s):  
Marc Herremans ◽  
Karin Gielen ◽  
Jos Van Kerckhoven ◽  
Pieter Vanormelingen ◽  
Wim Veraghtert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Science Data ◽  
The Public ◽  
Online Portal ◽  
Spring Generation ◽  
Reproductive Cycles ◽  
New Generation

The peacock butterfly is abundant and widespread in Europe. It is generally believed to be univoltine (one generation per year): adults born in summer overwinter and reappear again in spring to reproduce. However, recent flight patterns in western Europe mostly show three peaks during the year: a first one in spring (overwintering butterflies), a second one in early summer (offspring of the spring generation), and a third one in autumn. It was thus far unclear whether this autumn flight peak was a second new generation or consisted of butterflies flying again in autumn after a summer rest (aestivation). The life cycle of one of Europe’s most common butterflies is therefore still surprisingly inadequately understood. We used hundreds of thousands of observations and thousands of pictures submitted by naturalists from the public to the online portal observation.orgin Belgium and analyzed relations between flight patterns, condition (wear), reproductive cycles, peak abundances, and phenology to clarify the current life history. We demonstrate that peacocks have shifted towards two new generations per year in recent decades. Mass citizen science data in online portals has become increasingly important in tracking the response of biodiversity to rapid environmental changes such as climate change.

FACTORS INFLUENCING RIDERSHIP PREFERENCE IN USING LRT SERVICE IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohayu Ab Majid ◽  
Rosli Said ◽  
Jamalunlaili Abdullah ◽  
Rohana Ngah ◽  
Qi Jie Kwong
Keyword(s):  
Light Rail ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Public ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Transportation Service ◽  
Design Attributes ◽  
Site Design ◽  
Klang Valley ◽  
Main Components

Light Rail Transit (LRT) is one of the public transports that provides a lot of benefits to the Malaysian. Yet this consumption depends on the diverse tastes of potential ridership which are influenced by various factors. However, it is very challenging to predict significant factors influencing ridership preferences. As such, the identification of these factors is very important in ensuring this transportation service really attract ridership attention. Thus, this paper intends to identify the main factors that influence ridership preference in taking LRT transportation. 28 attributes have been identified in this research which expands from four (4) main components. Data were collected from ridership’s survey, site observations and ridership statistical data. Pearson Chi-square has been employed to justify the significant status and the influence level of each LRT attribute and component factors toward ridership preference. The results show that 23 attributes recorded a significant status (<0.00) in two (2) different directions of correlation. Overall, three (3) component factors namely i) Comfortable Service, ii) Economics and iii) Indoor Environment Conditions, have influenced and contributed to the same effect on ridership considerations, as compared to the negative effects displayed by the Site Design Attributes.

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