Additive Manufacturing of Pressure Vessels (With Plating)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan P. McNelly ◽  
Richard L. Hooks ◽  
William R. Setzler ◽  
Craig S. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
High Stress ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Applied Physics ◽  
Metal Plating ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
Significant Strength ◽  
Uniform Wall ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques

Additive manufacturing (AM) allows for product development with light weight, fewer machining constraints, and reduced costs depending on the application. While AM is an emerging field, there is limited research on the use of AM for pressure vessels or implementation in high stress environments. Depending on the design approach and limitations of traditional material-removal fabrication techniques, AM parts can achieve high strength-to-weight ratios with reduced manufacturing efforts. Coupling AM with alternative metal and composite materials allows for unique designs that have high strength-to-weight ratios for pressure-based applications. The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) has conducted research on a number of these composite designs, focusing on the use of carbon fiber or metal plating with the AM materials. Before implementing AM in field tested prototypes, JHU/APL performed strength limitation tests on AM pressure vessels (PVs) in the laboratory to prove their effectiveness. PVs constructed with varying thicknesses and coating techniques were divided into three groups, each with a uniform wall thickness that provided a congruent surface area to withstand higher pressures. These PVs were then paired with one of three coating/plating technologies, forming a trade matrix of varying AM thicknesses and plating techniques. Once fabricated and plated, these test PVs were hydro-statically tested at increasing pressure levels. This pressure testing demonstrates that the use of AM to create PVs, when paired with specific plating techniques, can result in structures with significant strength capabilities at lighter than normal PV weights. Furthermore, JHU/APL has begun to test the AM PVs in a number of research projects. Such testing is desired because these unique parts can be easily manufactured in shapes and volumes that were previously unattainable through common manufacturing techniques. AM parts are now commonly used in air-frames; however, in higher pressure underwater scenarios AM’s capabilities are unproven. JHU/APL has begun to apply this new and emergent field to the effective design of AM PVs, which can play a significant role in the field of underwater vehicles and similar projects.

Additive Manufacturing: The Next Generation of Scapholunate Ligament Reconstruction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew N. Rush ◽  
Christina Salas ◽  
Lorraine Mottishaw ◽  
Damian Fountain ◽  
Deana Mercer
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Ligament Reconstruction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Bone Interface ◽  
Significant Strength ◽  
Efficient Integration ◽  
Manufacturing Methods ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies

Abstract Background Ligament reconstruction, as a surgical method used to stabilize joints, requires significant strength and tissue anchoring to restore function. Historically, reconstructive materials have been fraught with problems from an inability to withstand normal physiological loads to difficulties in fabricating the complex organization structure of native tissue at the ligament-to-bone interface. In combination, these factors have prevented the successful realization of nonautograft reconstruction. Methods A review of recent improvements in additive manufacturing techniques and biomaterials highlight possible options for ligament replacement. Description of Technique In combination, three dimensional-printing and electrospinning have begun to provide for nonautograft options that can meet the physiological load and architectures of native tissues; however, a combination of manufacturing methods is needed to allow for bone-ligament enthesis. Hybrid biofabrication of bone-ligament tissue scaffolds, through the simultaneous deposition of disparate materials, offer significant advantages over fused manufacturing methods which lack efficient integration between bone and ligament materials. Results In this review, we discuss the important chemical and biological properties of ligament enthesis and describe recent advancements in additive manufacturing to meet mechanical and biological requirements for a successful bone–ligament–bone interface. Conclusions With continued advancement of additive manufacturing technologies and improved biomaterial properties, tissue engineered bone-ligament scaffolds may soon enter the clinical realm.

scholarly journals Composite Reinforcement Architectures: A Review of Field-Assisted Additive Manufacturing for Polymers

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhuparna Roy ◽  
Phong Tran ◽  
Tarik Dickens ◽  
Amanda Schrand
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
External Field ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques

The demand for additively manufactured polymer composites with increased specific properties and functional microstructure has drastically increased over the past decade. The ability to manufacture complex designs that can maximize strength while reducing weight in an automated fashion has made 3D-printed composites a popular research target in the field of engineering. However, a significant amount of understanding and basic research is still necessary to decode the fundamental process mechanisms of combining enhanced functionality and additively manufactured composites. In this review, external field-assisted additive manufacturing techniques for polymer composites are discussed with respect to (1) self-assembly into complex microstructures, (2) control of fiber orientation for improved interlayer mechanical properties, and (3) incorporation of multi-functionalities such as electrical conductivity, self-healing, sensing, and other functional capabilities. A comparison between reinforcement shapes and the type of external field used to achieve mechanical property improvements in printed composites is addressed. Research has shown the use of such materials in the production of parts exhibiting high strength-to-weight ratio for use in aerospace and automotive fields, sensors for monitoring stress and conducting electricity, and the production of flexible batteries.

scholarly journals Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of High-Strength Al–Zn–Mg Aluminum Alloy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuewei Fang ◽  
Guopeng Chen ◽  
Jiannan Yang ◽  
Yang Xie ◽  
Ke Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Aluminum Alloys ◽  
Electron Backscatter Diffraction ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Cold Metal Transfer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Cold Metal

High-strength 7xxx series aluminum alloys are of great importance for the aerospace industries. However, this type of aluminum alloys has poor processability for most additive manufacturing techniques. In this paper, a newly designed Al–Zn–Mg alloy was used as a feeding wire to fabricate thin wall-shaped samples using the wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) technique. These samples were fabricated based on the cold metal transfer (CMT) process with four different types of arc modes, that is, CMT, CMT-incorporated pulse (CMT + P), CMT-incorporated polarity (CMT + A), CMT-incorporated pulse and polarity (CMT + PA). The optical microscopy, x-ray computed tomography, and scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were employed to characterize the microstructure and phase constitution. The results clearly reveal that the porosity varies with the arc modes, and the densest sample with porosity of 0.97% was obtained using the CMT + P mode. The mechanical properties of the fabricated samples are also dependent on the arc modes. The tensile strength and yield strength of the sample manufactured by the CMT + PA arc mode are the highest. In terms of anisotropy, the strength differences in horizontal and vertical direction of the samples made by CMT + PA, CMT + A, and CMT modes are all large, which is mainly ascribed to the pores distributed at the interlayer region.

LESCALLOY 300M VAC ARC

Alloy Digest ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Low Alloy Steel ◽  
Steel Company ◽  
High Hardenability ◽  
Ingot Structure

Abstract LESCALLOY 300M VAC ARC is a low-alloy steel with an excellent combination of high hardenability and high strength coupled with good ductility and good toughness. Its tensile strength ranges from 280,000 to 300,000 psi. It is produced by the vacuum consumable electrode melting process to provide optimum cleanliness and preferred ingot structure. Its applications include aircraft components, pressure vessels and fasteners. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: SA-321. Producer or source: Latrobe Steel Company. Originally published March 1976, revised February 1993.

INLAND DURASPRING

Alloy Digest ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
High Stress ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Spring Steel ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Light Truck ◽  
Suspension Systems ◽  
Spring Steels

Abstract Inland DuraSpring is a high-strength microalloyed spring steel for use in high stress coil springs for automobile and light truck suspension systems. This bar product offers significant improvements in tensile strength, fatigue properties, and fracture toughness compared to conventional spring steels. This datasheet provides information on composition, hardness, and tensile properties as well asfracture toughness and fatigue. Filing Code: SA-496. Producer or source: Ispat Inland Inc.

BETHSTAR 60

Alloy Digest ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Steel Plate ◽  
High Stress ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Bethlehem Steel Corporation ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Minimum Yield

Abstract BethStar 60 steel plate is a high-strength product with a 60,000 psi minimum yield strength. It contains low carbon and low sulfur and has outstanding toughness, weldability and formability. It provides the design engineer with a an economical high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) grade that can be fabricated readily. Applications include weight-sensitive components subject to high stress such as frames for large off-highway haulers. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SA-421. Producer or source: Bethlehem Steel Corporation.

AVESTA 2205 CODE PLUS TWO

Alloy Digest ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Duplex Microstructure ◽  
Good Resistance ◽  
Desalination Plants

Abstract AVESTA 2205 is a ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steel. It resists stress-corrosion cracking very well and has good pitting and general corrosion resistance. Its high strength and stress-corrosion resisting characteristics are a reflection of its duplex microstructure. Its uses include heat exchangers, desalination plants, and pressure vessels that need good resistance to corrosion. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, and joining. Filing Code: SS-472. Producer or source: Avesta Sheffield Inc. Originally published July 1986, revised March 1993.

Effect of Carbide Content on Temper Embrittlement of 2.25Cr1Mo Steel

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yian Wang ◽  
Guoshan Xie ◽  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Xiaolong Qian ◽  
Yufeng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Temper Embrittlement ◽  
Damage Mechanism ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Nondestructive Method ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Carbide Content

Temper embrittlement is a common damage mechanism of pressure vessels in the chemical and petrochemical industry serviced in high temperature, which results in the reduction of roughness due to metallurgical change in some low alloy steels. Pressure vessels that are temper embrittled may be susceptible to brittle fracture under certain operating conditions which cause high stress by thermal gradients, e.g., during start-up and shutdown. 2.25Cr1-Mo steel is widely used to make hydrogenation reactor due to its superior combination of high mechanical strength, good weldability, excellent high temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA) and oxidation-resistance. However, 2.25Cr-1Mo steel is particularly susceptible to temper embrittlement. In this paper, the effect of carbide on temper embrittlement of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel was investigated. Mechanical properties and the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel were measured by tensile test and impact test. The tests were performed at two positions (base metal and weld metal) and three states (original, step cooling treated and in-service for a hundred thousand hours). The content and distribution of carbides were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The content of Cr and Mo elements in carbide was measured by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). The results showed that the embrittlement could increase the strength and reduce the plasticity. Higher carbide contents appear to be responsible for the higher DBTT. The in-service 2.25Cr-1Mo steel showed the highest DBTT and carbide content, followed by step cooling treated 2.25Cr-1Mo steel, while the as-received 2.25Cr-1Mo steel has the minimum DBTT and carbide content. At the same time, the Cr and Mo contents in carbide increased with the increasing of DBTT. It is well known that the specimen analyzed by SEM is very small in size, sampling SEM specimen is convenient and nondestructive to pressure vessel. Therefore, the relationship between DBTT and the content of carbide offers a feasible nondestructive method for quantitative measuring the temper embrittlement of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel pressure vessel.

scholarly journals A Review on Additive Manufacturing Possibilities for Electrical Machines

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1940
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman Naseer ◽  
Ants Kallaste ◽  
Bilal Asad ◽  
Toomas Vaimann ◽  
Anton Rassõlkin
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Electromagnetic Properties ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
One Step ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques

This paper presents current research trends and prospects of utilizing additive manufacturing (AM) techniques to manufacture electrical machines. Modern-day machine applications require extraordinary performance parameters such as high power-density, integrated functionalities, improved thermal, mechanical & electromagnetic properties. AM offers a higher degree of design flexibility to achieve these performance parameters, which is impossible to realize through conventional manufacturing techniques. AM has a lot to offer in every aspect of machine fabrication, such that from size/weight reduction to the realization of complex geometric designs. However, some practical limitations of existing AM techniques restrict their utilization in large scale production industry. The introduction of three-dimensional asymmetry in machine design is an aspect that can be exploited most with the prevalent level of research in AM. In order to take one step further towards the enablement of large-scale production of AM-built electrical machines, this paper also discusses some machine types which can best utilize existing developments in the field of AM.

scholarly journals Development of a 3D Printable and Highly Stretchable Ternary Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite Hydrogel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Hu ◽  
Malik Haider ◽  
Lukas Hahn ◽  
Mengshi Yang ◽  
Robert Luxenhofer
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Nanocomposite Hydrogel ◽  
Highly Stretchable ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Advanced Applications

Hydrogels that can be processed with additive manufacturing techniques and concomitantly possess favorable mechanical properties are interesting for many advanced applications. However, the development of novel ink materials with high...

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