Effect of Human Factor on OCTG Collapse Testing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihail Minescu ◽  
Catalin Teodoriu ◽  
Mihaela Caltaru ◽  
Marius Badicioiu
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Collapse Pressure ◽  
The Past ◽  
Collapse Resistance ◽  
Metal Pipes

Well construction relies on metal pipes called casing to maintain its integrity during the life of the well. From surface to the target depths the inserted casings are used to prevent well collapse, hence being exposed to external pressure loads. Also the casing in place must hold the internal pressure during well operations, which is called burst resistance. During the past decades the manufacturing process of casing and tubing has been dramatically improved, but their testing has suffer very little changes. It is known to date that API calculation of collapse resistance is very conservative, most of the modern pipe mills being able to deliver pipes with higher collapse pressure than API calculated values. The paper will describe the actual testing procedure of collapse testing of pipes and critically discuss about the human error that is introduced during these measurements. The results shows that only through high quality laboratory standards, such errors can be mitigated, while automation must be carefully considered.

Buckling and Unstable Collapse of Seamless Pipes and Tubes

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Van den Abeele ◽  
J. Bar ◽  
S. Jakani
Keyword(s):  
Yield Stress ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Compressive Loading ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Pipe Production ◽  
Transition Range ◽  
Collapse Pressure ◽  
Initial Imperfections ◽  
Collapse Resistance ◽  
Wide Range

Deepwater pipelines and high pressure casing and tubing are prone to buckling and unstable collapse under compressive loading and external pressure. The most important parameters governing the unstable collapse behaviour of perfectly round pipes and tubes are the circumferential yield stress of the material, the Young’s modulus and the ratio of diameter over thickness (D/t). Initial imperfections in the geometric shape of the pipe, like wall thickness variations or ovality, can have a pronounced influence on the collapse resistance of a pipe. Local dents can reduce the collapse pressure significantly, and trigger propagating buckles along the line. In this paper, buckling and unstable collapse of seamless pipes and tubes are studied. First, collapse pressure experiments for High Collapse Casing grades L80HC and P110HC are presented, showing that the seamless pipe production at ArcelorMittal Tubular Products in Ostrava (Czech Republic) is under tight quality control and complies with the API standards. Then, the critical collapse pressure is calculated for different scenarios. Depending on the ratio of diameter to wall thickness, four regimes are identified: yielding collapse, followed by plastic collapse, a transition range, and finally elastic collapse. For each condition, closed form expressions are derived for the critical collapse pressures. In addition, simplified design equations are reviewed to quickly estimate the collapse pressure. Then, the influence of initial imperfections on the collapse resistance is studied. Both the effects of geometric imperfections (ovality and wall thickness eccentricity) and material properties (especially yield stress and residual stresses) are addressed. In the end, an enhanced design equation is proposed to predict the critical collapse pressure of dented seamless pipes. This equation is validated by collapse experiments, can account for different initial imperfections, and is valid for a wide range of D/t ratios.

The Human Factor in Aircraft Accidents

1951 ◽  
Vol 55 (482) ◽  
pp. 110-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Technical Factor ◽  
Aircraft Accidents ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Psychological Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Made In

Recently published statistics give the impression that an excessively high percentage of non-carrier aircraft accidents investigated during 1948 were primarily due to human error. Further, an examination of available data covering the past decade gives the same impression in respect of all aircraft accidents occurring during that period. The figures quoted convey in fact the unpalatable implication that, although in nearly a half century of aviation great strides have apparently been made in increasing the reliability of the aeroplane, very little has been accomplished in reducing the element of human error in aircraft accidents. Why is this?It has been claimed that the possibility of accidents in flying is inevitable by reason of the inherent conditions of flying which necessitate, besides reliance on the technical factor, considerable reliance upon the skill, judgment, memory, and physical and psychological conditions of the human being.

Modeling of the Collapse and Propagation Behavior of UOE SAW Pipes Under External Pressure: Influence of Thermal Treatments for Typical Coating Applications

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano O. Mantovano ◽  
Santiago Serebrinsky ◽  
Hugo A. Ernst ◽  
Teresa Perez ◽  
Martin Valdez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Model Development ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Collapse Pressure ◽  
Collapse Resistance ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

Large diameter UOE pipes are being increasingly used for the construction of offshore pipelines. Since oil discoveries are moving towards ultra deep water areas, collapse resistance is a key factor in the design of the pipelines. It has been demonstrated in previous works that the application of typical coating thermal treatments increases the collapse resistance of the pipes recovering the original strength of the plate. To improve the understanding of these effects, the Tenaris has embarked on a program of both, experimental testing and finite element modeling. Previous phases of this work formulated the basis for model development and described the 2D approach taken to model the various stages of manufacture, from the plate to the final pipe and the collapse test. More recent developments included some modeling enhancements, sensitivity analyses, and comparison of predictions to the results of full scale collapse testing. In the present work, 3D finite element analyses of collapse were performed and compared with the latest collapse and propagation tests performed by Tenaris, where the effect of typical coating thermal treatments was studied and significant increments in the collapse pressure of pipes were obtained. The numerical results show a good agreement with the experimental ones and could predict the increment produced in the collapse pressure by the effect of the thermal treatments. Comparison of the results with the predictions from API RP 1111 and DNV OS-F101 equations was also performed. The outcomes of this study will be employed to further optimize the collapse resistance of subsea linepipe in order to reduce material and offshore installation costs through the increment of the fabrication factor as stated in the DNV OSF101 standard.

On the Effect of the U-O-E Manufacturing Process on the Collapse Pressure of Long Tubes

1994 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kyriakides ◽  
E. Corona ◽  
F. J. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Cold Forming ◽  
Collapse Pressure ◽  
Circular Shape ◽  
Strain Behavior ◽  
Offshore Pipeline ◽  
Numerical Process ◽  
Two Stages

A commonly used process for manufacturing large-diameter tubes for offshore pipeline, riser and tension-leg platform tether applications involves the cold forming of long plates. The plates are bent into a circular shape and then welded. The circumference of the pipe is then plastically expanded to develop a high tolerance circular shape. Collectively, these steps comprise the U-O-E manufacturing process. These mechanical steps cause changes in the material properties and introduce residual stresses in the finished pipe. This paper presents the results of a combined experimental and analytical study of the effect on the U-O-E process on the capacity of the tube to resist collapse under external pressure loading. The U-O-E manufacturing process for a 26 in. (660 mm) diameter, 1.333 in. (33.86 mm) wall thickness pipe was simulated numerically. The numerical process was validated by comparing the predicted stress-strain behavior of the material at two stages in the process with properties measured from actual pipe specimens obtained from the mill. Following the simulation of the U-O-E process the collapse pressure was calculated numerically. The manufacturing process was found to significantly reduce the collapse pressure. A similar pipe for which the final sizing was conducted (simulated) with circumferential contraction (instead of expansion) was found not to have this degradation in collapse pressure.

Mechanical Test on Pipe Collapse under External Pressure

2011 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 1255-1258
Author(s):  
Kang Yong
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Steel Pipe ◽  
Collapse Pressure ◽  
Collapse Resistance ◽  
Pressure Test

Many factors result in pipe collapses under certain external pressure. The relations among them have been studied by the pipe collapse tests. This pepper focused on the test analyses of steel pipe collapse resistance. Those include a pipe collapse pressure test under external pressure and illustrate both test and preparing theoretical analysis, and results of the collapse pressure with the effects on the tendency of ovality. In addition to various pipe collapse data and mechanical test methods, this study will offer a summary of the findings for the further intention of theories researches.

Mapping Power

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
The Political ◽  
Government Reform ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
Political Economy Analysis

Electricity is critical to enabling India’s economic growth and providing a better future for its citizens. In spite of several decades of reform, the Indian electricity sector is unable to provide high-quality and affordable electricity for all, and grapples with the challenge of poor financial and operational performance. To understand why, Mapping Power provides the most comprehensive analysis of the political economy of electricity in India’s states. With chapters on fifteen states by scholars of state politics and electricity, this volume maps the political and economic forces that constrain and shape decisions in electricity distribute on. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it concludes that attempts to depoliticize the sector are misplaced and could worsen outcomes. Instead, it suggests that a historically grounded political economy analysis helps understand the past and devise reforms to simultaneously improve sectoral outcomes and generate political rewards. These arguments have implications for the challenges facing India’s electricity future, including providing electricity to all, implementing government reform schemes, and successfully managing the rise of renewable energy.

scholarly journals The Importance of the Human Factor in Safety for the Transport of Dangerous Goods

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7525
Author(s):  
Sylwia Agata Bęczkowska ◽  
Iwona Grabarek
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Heuristic Methods ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Optimal Route ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
Dangerous Goods ◽  
Undesirable Event ◽  
Transport Of Dangerous Goods

This article discusses the issues related to the safety for the transport of dangerous goods by road. Research on accidents in transport unambiguously points to the human factor, which is the most responsible for causing accidents. Determining the causes of driver unreliability in the human−vehicle−environment system requires thorough research. Unfortunately, in this case, experimental research with human involvement is limited in scope. This leaves modeling and simulation of the behavior of the human factor, i.e., the driver transporting dangerous goods. The human being, because of its complexity, is a challenging element to parameterize. The literature presents various attempts to model human actions. Herein, the authors used heuristic methods, specifically fuzzy set techniques, to build a human factor model. In these models, human actions were specified using a verbal or linguistic description. The specificity of the fuzzy sets allowed for “naturally” limiting the “precision” in describing human behavior. The model was built based on the author’s questionnaire and expert research, based on which individual features were selected. Then, the traits were assigned appropriate states. The output parameter of the model was λL—the intensity of human error. The obtained values of the intensity of the accident caused by the driver’s error were implemented into the author’s method of risk assessment. They constituted one of the factors determining the probability of an accident in the transport of dangerous goods, which allowed for determining the optimal route for the transport of these goods characterized by the lowest risk of an undesirable event on the route. The article presents the model’s assumptions, structure, and the features included in the model, all of which have the most significant influence on shaping the intensity of human error. The results of the simulation studies showed a diversified effect of the analyzed characteristics on the driver’s efficiency.

scholarly journals Levels of Evidence in Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery Research

2021 ◽  
pp. 019459982098713
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Silver ◽  
Marco Mascarella ◽  
George Tali ◽  
Rickul Varshney ◽  
Marc A. Tewfik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Skull Base Surgery ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Levels Of Evidence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Surgery Research ◽  
Based Medicine

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of evidence of rhinology and rhinologic skull base surgery (RSBS) research and its evolution over the past decade. Study Design Review article. Setting We reviewed articles from 2007 to 2019 in 4 leading peer-reviewed otolaryngology journals and 3 rhinology-specific journals. Methods The articles were reviewed and levels of evidence were assigned using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 guidelines. High quality was defined as level of evidence 1 or 2. Results In total, 1835 articles were reviewed in this study spanning a 13-year period. Overall, the absolute number of RSBS publications increased significantly 22.6% per year, from 108 articles in 2007 to 481 in 2019 ( P < .001; 95% CI, 7.9-37.2). In 2007, only 13 articles, or 15%, were high quality, and this grew to 146 articles, or 39%, in 2019. A 14.0% per year exponential increase in the number of high-quality publications was found to be statistically significant ( P < .001; 95% CI, 7.2, 20.7). Overall, high-quality publications represented just 25.8% of RSBS articles overall. There was no significant difference in quality between rhinology-specific journals and general otolaryngology journals (χ2 = 3.1, P = .077). Conclusion The number of overall publications and of high-quality RSBS publications has significantly increased over the past decade. However, the proportion of high-quality studies continues to represent a minority of total RSBS research.

scholarly journals The fossil record of whip spiders: the past of Amblypygi

PalZ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Haug ◽  
Joachim T. Haug
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dorsal Shield ◽  
Stereo Images ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Past ◽  
Over Time

AbstractWhip spiders (Amblypygi), as their name suggests, resemble spiders (Araneae) in some aspects, but differ from them by their heart-shaped (prosomal) dorsal shield, their prominent grasping pedipalps, and their subsequent elongate pair of feeler appendages. The oldest possible occurrences of whip spiders, represented by cuticle fragments, date back to the Devonian (c. 385 mya), but (almost) complete fossils are known from the Carboniferous (c. 300 mya) onwards. The fossils include specimens preserved on slabs or in nodules (Carboniferous, Cretaceous) as well as specimens preserved in amber (Cretaceous, Eocene, Miocene). We review here all fossil whip spider specimens, figure most of them as interpretative drawings or with high-quality photographs including 3D imaging (stereo images) to make the three-dimensional relief of the specimens visible. Furthermore, we amend the list by two new specimens (resulting in 37 in total). The fossil specimens as well as modern whip spiders were measured to analyse possible changes in morphology over time. In general, the shield appears to have become relatively broader and the pedipalps and walking appendages have become more elongate over geological time. The morphological details are discussed in an evolutionary framework and in comparison with results from earlier studies.

Twisted oxide lateral homostructures with conjunction tunability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Chi Yang ◽  
Ping-Chun Wu ◽  
Chia-Chun Wei ◽  
Qilan Zhong ◽  
Sheng-Zhu Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Strain Engineering ◽  
Epitaxial Films ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Specific Substrate ◽  
Lattice Structures ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sharp Interfaces ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Epitaxial growth is of significant importance over the past decades, given it has been the key process of modern technology for delivering high-quality thin films. For conventional heteroepitaxy, the selection of proper single crystal substrates not only facilitates the integration of different materials but also fulfills interface and strain engineering upon a wide spectrum of functionalities. Nevertheless, the lattice structures, regularity and crystalline orientation are determined once a specific substrate is chosen. In this work, we reveal the growth of twisted oxide lateral homostructures with multiple conjunction degree of freedom. The twisted lateral homostructures with atomically sharp interfaces can be composed of epitaxial “blocks” with different crystalline orientations, ferroic orders and phases. We further demonstrate that this approach is universal for fabricating various complex systems. Our results establish an efficient pathway towards twisted lateral homostructures, allowing epitaxial films to be arbitrarily tailored at designated positions with unbounded in-plane conjunction tunability.

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