Viscous Drift Forces on Semis in Irregular Seas: A Frequency Domain Approach

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halvor Lie ◽  
Karl E. Kaasen
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Vertical Cylinder ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Viscous Drag ◽  
Force Model ◽  
Floating Structures ◽  
Drag Forces

For offshore floating structures, such as semi-submersible platforms, TLPs and SPARs viscous drag forces on columns and truss work may give significant contributions to the low frequency loads and responses. Calculating such loads based on just potential theory, which is common, can be significantly insufficient. The viscous loads depend nonlinearly on waves and current in combination. In particular, correct low frequency loading is important in the design of mooring systems for offshore structures. The paper describes some intermediate results from a project aiming at formulating dynamic frequency domain models for low frequency viscous excitation and damping of floating structures subjected to current and irregular waves. The basis for the models is the drag term in the Morison equation. Different models are formulated for the submerged parts of the structure and the splash zones. At present basic models are formulated for a narrow submerged strip of a vertical cylinder and the splash zone of the same. The loads are quantified in terms of power spectral density functions. To be able to formulate expressions for the power spectra the Morison drag force model is approximated by simple polynomials in the water speed. For the submerged strip an alternative method exists, that uses a series expansion for the force spectrum.

Nonlinear Effects on Fatigue Analysis for Fixed Offshore Structures

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Gaidai ◽  
Arvid Naess
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Fatigue Analysis ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Offshore Structure ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Non Gaussian

Fatigue analysis for fixed offshore structures is an important practical issue. These structures are often drag dominated, which makes the deck response a non-Gaussian process when it is assumed that the irregular waves are Gaussian. Incorporating nonlinear and non-Gaussian modeling in the fatigue analysis can be a complicated issue, cf. work of Madhavan Pillai and Meher Prasad [2000, “Fatigue Reliability Analysis in Time Domain for Inspection Strategy of Fixed Offshore Structures,” Ocean Eng., 27(2), pp. 167–186]. The goal of this paper is to provide evidence that for drag dominated offshore structures it is, in fact, sufficient to perform linearization in order to obtain accurate estimates of fatigue damage. The latter fact brings fatigue analysis back into the Gaussian domain, which facilitates the problem solution. Beyond straightforward linearization of the exciting wave forces, this paper employs two different approaches accounting for nonlinear effects in fatigue analysis. One is an application of the quadratic approximation approach described in the work of Naess and co-workers [1997, “Frequency Domain Analysis of Dynamic Response of Drag Dominated Offshore Structures,” Appl. Ocean. Res., 19(3), pp. 251–262;1996, “Stochastic Response of Offshore Structures Excited by Drag Forces,” J. Eng. Mech., ASCE, 122, pp. 155–160]. to the stochastic fatigue estimation of jacket type offshore structures. An alternative method proposed is based on a spectral approximation, and this approximation turns out to be accurate and computationally simple. The stress cycles causing structural fatigue are considered to be directly related to the horizontal excursions of the fixed offshore structure in random seas. Besides inertia forces, it is important to study the effect of the nonlinear Morison type drag forces. Since no direct method for dynamic analysis with Morison type forces is available, it is a goal to find an accurate approximation, allowing efficient dynamic analysis. This has implications for long term fatigue analysis, which is an important issue for design of offshore structures.

scholarly journals Transverse motion instability of a submerged moored buoy

2019 ◽  
Vol 475 (2221) ◽  
pp. 20180459 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Orszaghova ◽  
H. Wolgamot ◽  
S. Draper ◽  
R. Eatock Taylor ◽  
P. H. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Energy ◽  
Period Doubling ◽  
Vertical Cylinder ◽  
Mathieu Equation ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Transverse Motion ◽  
Wave Direction ◽  
Wave Energy Converters ◽  
Energy Converters

Wave energy converters and other offshore structures may exhibit instability, in which one mode of motion is excited parametrically by motion in another. Here, theoretical results for the transverse motion instability (large sway oscillations perpendicular to the incident wave direction) of a submerged wave energy converter buoy are compared to an extensive experimental dataset. The device is axi-symmetric (resembling a truncated vertical cylinder) and is taut-moored via a single tether. The system is approximately a damped elastic pendulum. Assuming linear hydrodynamics, but retaining nonlinear tether geometry, governing equations are derived in six degrees of freedom. The natural frequencies in surge/sway (the pendulum frequency), heave (the springing motion frequency) and pitch/roll are derived from the linearized equations. When terms of second order in the buoy motions are retained, the sway equation can be written as a Mathieu equation. Careful analysis of 80 regular wave tests reveals a good agreement with the predictions of sub-harmonic (period-doubling) sway instability using the Mathieu equation stability diagram. As wave energy converters operate in real seas, a large number of irregular wave runs is also analysed. The measurements broadly agree with a criterion (derived elsewhere) for determining the presence of the instability in irregular waves, which depends on the level of damping and the amount of parametric excitation at twice the natural frequency.

Low-Frequency Forces on Tubular Spaceframe Towers: Analysis of Cognac Data

1994 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-126
Author(s):  
J. P. Conte ◽  
P. W. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Hydrodynamic Modeling ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Force Response ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Floating Structures ◽  
Rigid Cylinder ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Significant Difference

The Cognac field data indicate that the low-frequency force response components are not negligible and are significantly correlated to the wave envelope process. Although this is a well-known phenomenon in floating structures, it had previously not been validated from data recorded on fixed platforms. Simulation studies based on a vertical rigid cylinder subjected to Hurricane Frederic sea states show significant differences in applied low-frequency drag forces obtained using the Wheeler and Delta stretching schemes used to approximate near-surface fluid kinematics. Previous studies focusing on the peak hydrodynamic forces, as used for the design of fixed platforms, have shown a significant difference between predictions based on Wheeler and Delta stretching. The present study reveals that the Cognac field data could be used to discriminate between the Wheeler and Delta stretching schemes in terms of the low-frequency forces, which are potentially important in the design of compliant towers. However, such a discriminatory study would require detailed structural and hydrodynamic modeling of the Cognac tower.

Advances in Frequency and Time Domain Coupled Analysis for Floating Production and Offloading Systems

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donogh W. Lang ◽  
Aengus Connolly ◽  
Michael Lane ◽  
Adrian D. Connaire
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Domain Analysis ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Viscous Drag ◽  
Coupled Analysis ◽  
Diffraction Radiation ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Floating Structure ◽  
The Individual

With the move to the development of remote, deepwater fields, increasing use is being made of floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) facilities from which oil is intermittently offloaded to a shuttle tanker via offloading lines and an anchor leg mooring buoy. The response of the individual components of these systems is significantly influenced by hydrodynamic and mechanical coupling between adjacent components, precluding the use of traditional analysis techniques such as displacement RAOs derived from tank model tests or diffraction/radiation analyses of the independent components. Consequently, the reliable and accurate design of these complex systems requires an analysis tool capable of determining the fully coupled response of each of the individual components of the system. A recently-developed time domain coupled analysis tool has been extended to incorporate a frequency domain coupled analysis capability. This tool combines radiation/diffraction theory with a non-linear finite element (FE) structural analysis technique used for the analysis of slender offshore structures. This paper describes the application of frequency domain analysis to the coupled FE/floating structure problem, with particular consideration given to the linearisation of viscous drag loads on floating structures and the treatment of low-frequency second-order loads in the frequency domain. Results from frequency domain and time domain coupled analyses of a typical West of Africa type offloading system are compared, highlighting areas of application where frequency domain coupled analysis can offer significant benefits when used in conjunction with time domain analysis. Based on this, recommendations are made for the appropriate use of frequency and time domain coupled analysis for this type of system.

An Alternative Stochastic Representation of Drag Forces on Offshore Structures for Dynamic Analyses

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 178-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Naess ◽  
L. J. Ho̸egh Krohn ◽  
A. A. Pisano
Keyword(s):  
Drag Force ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Hydrodynamic Drag ◽  
Standard Formulation ◽  
Stochastic Representation ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Zero Current ◽  
Dynamic Analyses

A new method for stochastic representation of the hydrodynamic drag forces on offshore structures subjected to irregular waves is described. For the case of zero current, it is shown that it is possible to construct a genuinly quadratic representation of the drag force that reproduces the statistical properties of the standard formulation of the drag force closely, and which has a spectral density that approximates the desired force spectrum reasonably well. The distinct advantage of this representation is that it brings dynamic analysis back into the frequency domain, in a similar manner as achieved for a linearized force representation.

scholarly journals Preliminary Results on the Dynamics of a Pile-Moored Fish Cage with Elastic Net in Currents and Waves

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Gianluca Zitti ◽  
Nico Novelli ◽  
Maurizio Brocchini
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Fish Farm ◽  
Maximum Displacement ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Real Size ◽  
Lift And Drag ◽  
Mesh Grid

Over the last decades, the aquaculture sector increased significantly and constantly, moving fish-farm plants further from the coast, and exposing them to increasingly high forces due to currents and waves. The performances of cages in currents and waves have been widely studied in literature, by means of laboratory experiments and numerical models, but virtually all the research is focused on the global performances of the system, i.e., on the maximum displacement, the volume reduction or the mooring tension. In this work we propose a numerical model, derived from the net-truss model of Kristiansen and Faltinsen (2012), to study the dynamics of fish farm cages in current and waves. In this model the net is modeled with straight trusses connecting nodes, where the mass of the net is concentrated at the nodes. The deformation of the net is evaluated solving the equation of motion of the nodes, subjected to gravity, buoyancy, lift, and drag forces. With respect to the original model, the elasticity of the net is included. In this work the real size of the net is used for the computation mesh grid, this allowing the numerical model to reproduce the exact dynamics of the cage. The numerical model is used to simulate a cage with fixed rings, based on the concept of mooring the cage to the foundation of no longer functioning offshore structures. The deformations of the system subjected to currents and waves are studied.

scholarly journals A phase-locked loop using ESO-based loop filter for grid-connected converter: performance analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoling Guo ◽  
Seddik Bacha ◽  
Mazen Alamir ◽  
Julien Pouget
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Frequency Measurement ◽  
Phase Locked Loop ◽  
Frequency Domain Analysis ◽  
Loop Filter ◽  
Control Stability ◽  
Unbalanced Grid

AbstractAn extended state observer (ESO)-based loop filter is designed for the phase-locked loop (PLL) involved in a disturbed grid-connected converter (GcC). This ESO-based design enhances the performances and robustness of the PLL, and, therefore, improves control performances of the disturbed GcCs. Besides, the ESO-based LF can be applied to PLLs with extra filters for abnormal grid conditions. The unbalanced grid is particularly taken into account for the performance analysis. A tuning approach based on the well-designed PI controller is discussed, which results in a fair comparison with conventional PI-type PLLs. The frequency domain properties are quantitatively analysed with respect to the control stability and the noises rejection. The frequency domain analysis and simulation results suggest that the performances of the generated ESO-based controllers are comparable to those of the PI control at low frequency, while have better ability to attenuate high-frequency measurement noises. The phase margin decreases slightly, but remains acceptable. Finally, experimental tests are conducted with a hybrid power hardware-in-the-loop benchmark, in which balanced/unbalanced cases are both explored. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of ESO-based PLLs when applied to the disturbed GcC.

A CFD Study of Focused Extreme Wave Impact on Decks of Offshore Structures

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Lu ◽  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Anand Bahuguni ◽  
Yanling Wu
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Air Gap ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Linear Wave ◽  
Extreme Wave ◽  
Wave Impact ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wave Maker

The design of offshore structures for extreme/abnormal waves assumes that there is sufficient air gap such that waves will not hit the platform deck. Due to inaccuracies in the predictions of extreme wave crests in addition to settlement or sea-level increases, the required air gap between the crest of the extreme wave and the deck is often inadequate in existing platforms and therefore wave-in-deck loads need to be considered when assessing the integrity of such platforms. The problem of wave-in-deck loading involves very complex physics and demands intensive study. In the Computational Fluid Mechanics (CFD) approach, two critical issues must be addressed, namely the efficient, realistic numerical wave maker and the accurate free surface capturing methodology. Most reported CFD research on wave-in-deck loads consider regular waves only, for instance the Stokes fifth-order waves. They are, however, recognized by designers as approximate approaches since “real world” sea states consist of random irregular waves. In our work, we report a recently developed focused extreme wave maker based on the NewWave theory. This model can better approximate the “real world” conditions, and is more efficient than conventional random wave makers. It is able to efficiently generate targeted waves at a prescribed time and location. The work is implemented and integrated with OpenFOAM, an open source platform that receives more and more attention in a wide range of industrial applications. We will describe the developed numerical method of predicting highly non-linear wave-in-deck loads in the time domain. The model’s capability is firstly demonstrated against 3D model testing experiments on a fixed block with various deck orientations under random waves. A detailed loading analysis is conducted and compared with available numerical and measurement data. It is then applied to an extreme wave loading test on a selected bridge with multiple under-deck girders. The waves are focused extreme irregular waves derived from NewWave theory and JONSWAP spectra.

scholarly journals Multi-scale time-frequency domain full waveform inversion with a weighted local correlation-phase misfit function

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Hu ◽  
Liguo Han ◽  
Rushan Wu ◽  
Yongzhong Xu
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Seismic Data ◽  
Waveform Inversion ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Full Waveform Inversion ◽  
Local Correlation ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Model Dependence ◽  
Full Waveform ◽  
Frequency Components

Abstract Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) is based on the least squares algorithm to minimize the difference between the synthetic and observed data, which is a promising technique for high-resolution velocity inversion. However, the FWI method is characterized by strong model dependence, because the ultra-low-frequency components in the field seismic data are usually not available. In this work, to reduce the model dependence of the FWI method, we introduce a Weighted Local Correlation-phase based FWI method (WLCFWI), which emphasizes the correlation phase between the synthetic and observed data in the time-frequency domain. The local correlation-phase misfit function combines the advantages of phase and normalized correlation function, and has an enormous potential for reducing the model dependence and improving FWI results. Besides, in the correlation-phase misfit function, the amplitude information is treated as a weighting factor, which emphasizes the phase similarity between synthetic and observed data. Numerical examples and the analysis of the misfit function show that the WLCFWI method has a strong ability to reduce model dependence, even if the seismic data are devoid of low-frequency components and contain strong Gaussian noise.

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