Corrosion Fatigue of Steel Armours in Flexible Risers

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Roberg Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Corrosion Fatigue ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Corrosive Environment ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Flexible Risers

Fatigue life calculation of flexible risers is normally based on the assumption that the annulus is dry. Experience has, however, shown that the annulus may become water flooded. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide permeate from the bore and into the annulus, making the annulus environment corrosive. In such conditions the influence of corrosion fatigue on fatigue life has to be taken into account. A test program was performed to investigate the corrosion fatigue performance of steel armour in water containing carbon dioxide. The results showed that the corrosive environment reduced the fatigue life to about 1/10 to 1/50 of that derived in air. The lifetime was significantly shorter in the environment with 0.1 bar compared to 0.01 bar, indicating that corrosion fatigue becomes more pronounced as the corrosivity increases. The work shown that corrosion fatigue has to be considered for flexible risers with annulus that is or may be water flooded.

Bending Stiffeners for Extreme and Fatigue Loading of Unbonded Flexible Risers

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Smith
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Loading ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Offshore Platform ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Flexible Riser ◽  
Short Notice ◽  
Bending Radius ◽  
Flexible Risers

Bending stiffeners constrain the dynamic radius of flexible risers at offshore platform and subsea interfaces. The extreme bending and fatigue hotspots of a flexible riser occur near these interfaces. Conventional design of bending stiffeners first account for the extreme metocoean environment to ensure the riser does not bend below the minimum allowable bending radius (MBR). The stiffener design for extreme loading normally proves acceptable for less onerous fatigue loading provided the steel armour in riser annulus stays dry. Flexible riser operations have shown that there are several mechanisms for the annulus to loose its dry-state. A flexible riser that is not fatigue tolerant to a non-dry annulus often needs to be replaced at short notice or shut-down due to the rapid onset of corrosion fatigue of the steel armour wires. This paper demonstrates recent advances in designing bending stiffeners so that a flexible riser can sustain life of field operation with a non-dry annulus. These advances are accomplished by optimising the tapered profile of the bending stiffener and accounting for additional stiffening due to bending hysteresis in a flexible riser. A case study is presented to demonstrate the improvement in fatigue performance of a flexible riser.

Corrosion mechanism and fatigue behavior of 2A70-T6 aluminum alloy under alternating corrosion and fatigue

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Fu ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Li Lin ◽  
Qingyuan Wang ◽  
Qi Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Corrosion Fatigue ◽  
Intergranular Corrosion ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Cumulative Damage ◽  
Corrosion Mechanism ◽  
Corrosive Environment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Damage Rule

Purpose Most supersonic aircraft were manufactured using 2A70 aluminum alloy. The purpose of this paper is to study the corrosion mechanism and fatigue behavior of an aircraft in a semi-industrial atmospheric corrosive environment, alternating effects of corrosion and fatigue were used to simulate the aircraft’s ground parking corrosion and air flight fatigue. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, the aluminum alloy samples were subjected to pre-corrosion and alternating corrosion-fatigue experiments. The failure mechanisms of corrosion and corrosion fatigue were analyzed using microscopic characterization methods of electrochemical testing, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Miner’s linear cumulative damage rule was used to predict the fatigue life of aluminum alloy and to obtain its safe fatigue life. Findings The results showed that the corrosion damage caused by the corrosive environment was gradually connected by pitting pits to form denudation pits along grain boundaries. The deep excavation of chloride ions and the presence of intergranular copper-rich phases result in severe intergranular corrosion morphology. During cyclic loading, alternating hardening and softening occurred. The stress concentration caused by surface pitting pits and denudation pits initiated fatigue cracks at intergranular corrosion products. At the same time, the initiation of multiple fatigue crack sources was caused by the corrosion environment and the morphology of the transient fracture zone was also changed, but the crack propagation rate was not basically affected. The polarization curve and impedance analysis results showed that the corrosion rate increases first, decreases and then increases. Fatigue failure behavior was directly related to micro characteristics such as corrosion pits and microcracks. Originality/value In this research, alternating effects of corrosion and fatigue were used to simulate the aircraft’s ground parking corrosion and air flight fatigue. To study the corrosion mechanism and fatigue behavior of an aircraft in a semi-industrial atmospheric corrosive environment, the Miner’s linear cumulative damage rule was used to predict the fatigue life of aluminum alloy and to obtain its safe fatigue life.

EFFECT OF NaCl SOLUTION SPRAYING ON FATIGUE LIVES OF SMOOTH AND SLIT SPECIMENS OF 0.37% CARBON STEEL

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (01) ◽  
pp. 1750011
Author(s):  
CHOBIN MAKABE ◽  
MD. SHAFIUL FERDOUS ◽  
AKIMICHI SHIMABUKURO ◽  
ANGGIT MURDANI
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Fatigue Strength ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Fatigue ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Fatigue Crack Initiation ◽  
Specimen Surface ◽  
Corrosive Environment ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Experimental Conditions

The fatigue crack initiation life and growth rate are affected by experimental conditions. A corrosive environment can be created in a laboratory by means of dropping salt water onto the specimen surface, spraying chloride mist into the experimental chamber, etc. In the case of smooth specimens of some metals, fatigue life is shortened and the fatigue limit disappears under such corrosive experimental conditions. In this study, the effects of intermittent spraying of 3% NaCl solution-mist on corrosion fatigue behavior were investigated. The material used was 0.37% carbon steel. This is called JIS S35C in Japan. Spraying of 3% NaCl solution-mist attacked the surface layer of the specimen. It is well known that the pitting, oxidation–reduction reaction, etc. affect the fatigue strength of metals in a corrosive environment. We carried out corrosion fatigue tests with smooth specimens, holed specimens and slit specimens. Then the effects of such specimen geometry on the fatigue strength were investigated when the NaCl solution-mist was sprayed onto the specimen surface. In the case of lower stress amplitude application in slit specimens, the fatigue life in a corrosive atmosphere was longer than that in the open air. It is discussed that the behavior is related to the crack closure which happens when the oxide builds up and clogs the crack or slit.

Best Practice Guidance for Evaluating Knock-Down Factors in Corrosive Environments

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colum M. Holtam ◽  
Charles R. A. Schneider ◽  
Graham Slater
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Fatigue ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Corrosive Environment ◽  
Design Curve ◽  
Knock Down ◽  
Girth Welding ◽  
Girth Welds

The term knock-down factor is commonly used to describe the reduction in fatigue life in a corrosive environment (e.g. sour service) compared to performance in air. However, the mere concept of such a reduction factor is potentially misleading, particularly when comparing different welding procedures that demonstrate different in-air performance. This paper examines the concept and calculation of so-called knockdown factors. To demonstrate the performance of girth welds in a corrosive environment, strip fatigue tests are conducted in air and in a simulated service environment, to determine an appropriate knock-down factor, which is then applied to the base design curve. However, there are a number of ways that such knock-down factors can be calculated, with different degrees of conservatism. For example, two different welding procedures may exhibit a different fatigue performance in air, but a similar performance when tested in a sour environment. The better performing weld (in air) is therefore assigned a greater knock-down factor, and possibly a more stringent sour design curve. In other instances, fatigue performance in air may significantly exceed that required. The determined knock-down factor, between strip tests in air and in a sour environment, can then be very large. Applying this reduction factor to the design curve results in a very stringent sour design curve, and may penalize the use of a girth welding procedure that results in good in-air fatigue performance. There are no explicit, published guidelines for calculating corrosion fatigue knock-down factors. This paper describes an approach, based on experience and considering best practice guidance for the statistical analysis of fatigue data obtained from welded joints. The method is demonstrated using published sour corrosion fatigue endurance data, evaluating both mean and design curves.

Effect of Environmental Factors on Corrosion Fatigue Performance of Duplex 2507

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramgopal Thodla ◽  
Carlos Joia ◽  
Palmieri Baptista
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Corrosion Fatigue ◽  
Environmental Effect ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Duplex Microstructure ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Frequency Scan ◽  
Austenite Grains ◽  
Weakly Dependent

Corrosion fatigue performance of welded duplex 2507 riser material environments containing high partial pressures of carbon dioxide (100–200 bar) and limited quantity of hydrogen sulfide (0–0.12 bar) is presented in this paper. da/dN vs ΔK at different frequencies as a function of various environmental were studied. In the range of environments studies there was no significant environmental effect on the FCGR. da/dN measurements were performed starting at an initial ΔK of 150Nmm-3/2 and crack growth was readily established suggesting that ΔKth were lower than this value. Frequency scan tests were performed in various environments and the FCGR was found to be weakly dependent on frequency. The highest increase in FCGR was about 3–4x over the air values. The effect of duplex microstructure will also be discussed by comparing results from plate samples of 2507 with differing microstructure. The FCGR was higher with the plate samples which had precipitation of ferrite within the austenite grains which may have led to the higher FCGR. Frequency scan results for the plate samples will be compared with the results from the riser material.

Low-Cycle Fatigue Performance of Buckling Restrained Braces and Assessment of Cumulative Damage under Severe Earthquakes

2018 ◽  
Vol 763 ◽  
pp. 867-874
Author(s):  
Yu Shu Liu ◽  
Ke Peng Chen ◽  
Guo Qiang Li ◽  
Fei Fei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Low Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Cycle Fatigue ◽  
Variable Amplitude ◽  
Buckling Restrained Braces ◽  
Energy Dissipation Devices

Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs) are effective energy dissipation devices. The key advantages of BRB are its comparable tensile and compressive behavior and stable energy dissipation capacity. In this paper, low-cycle fatigue performance of domestic BRBs is obtained based on collected experimental data under constant and variable amplitude loadings. The results show that the relationship between fatigue life and strain amplitude satisfies the Mason-Coffin equation. By adopting theory of structural reliability, this paper presents several allowable fatigue life curves with different confidential levels. Besides, Palmgren-Miner method was used for calculating BRB cumulative damages. An allowable damage factor with 95% confidential level is put forward for assessing damage under variable amplitude fatigue. In addition, this paper presents an empirical criterion with rain flow algorithm, which may be used to predict the fracture of BRBs under severe earthquakes and provide theory and method for their engineering application. Finally, the conclusions of the paper were vilified through precise yet conservative prediction of the fatigue failure of BRB.

scholarly journals Experimental study on fatigue performance of Q420qD high-performance steel cross joint in complex environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haigen Cheng ◽  
Cong Hu ◽  
Yong Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Steel Structure ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Corrosive Media ◽  
Joint Connection ◽  
High Performance Steel ◽  
The Cross

AbstractThe steel structure under the action of alternating load for a long time is prone to fatigue failure and affects the safety of the engineering structure. For steel structures in complex environments such as corrosive media and fires, the remaining fatigue life is more difficult to predict theoretically. To this end, the article carried out fatigue tests on Q420qD high-performance steel cross joints under three different working conditions, established a 95% survival rate $$S{ - }N$$ S - N curves, and analyzed the effects of corrosive media and high fire temperatures on its fatigue performance. And refer to the current specifications to evaluate its fatigue performance. The results show that the fatigue performance of the cross joint connection is reduced under the influence of corrosive medium, and the fatigue performance of the cross joint connection is improved under the high temperature of fire. When the number of cycles is more than 200,000 times, the design curves of EN code, GBJ code, and GB code can better predict the fatigue life of cross joints without treatment, only corrosion treatment, and corrosion and fire treatment, and all have sufficient safety reserve.

Flexural Fatigue Performance of RC Beams Strengthened with Hybrid Fiber Sheets

2012 ◽  
Vol 166-169 ◽  
pp. 1657-1662
Author(s):  
Xu Jun Chen ◽  
Xiao E Zhu ◽  
Zhong Yang ◽  
Mu Xiang Dai
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Basalt Fiber ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Rc Beam ◽  
Rc Beams ◽  
Hybrid Fiber ◽  
Cycle Number ◽  
Flexural Fatigue ◽  
Variation Characteristics

Based on the fatigue test for flexural performance of five reinforced concrete beams, the variation characteristics of the crack development, concrete strain, steel strain, fiber strain with the cycle number of the fatigue load were analyzed, and the effect of hybrid fiber sheets and basalt fiber reinforced polymer(BFRP)sheets on flexural fatigue performance of the strengthened beam was studied. The results show that the accumulated damage of RC beams strengthened with hybrid fiber sheets was slowed down significantly, the anti-crack property was much improved, and the fatigue life was greatly prolonged. Compared with the ordinary RC beam and the RC beam strengthened with double BFRP sheets, the fatigue life of RC beams strengthened with hybrid CFRP/BFRP(C/BFRP) sheets and hybrid CFRP/GFRP(C/GFRP) sheets was increased by 291.26%, 298.63% and 10.73%, 13.53%.

Corrosion Fatigue Performance of a Carbon Steel in Brine Containing Air, H2S and CO2

CORROSION ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 325-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
PARVIS MEHDIZADEH ◽  
R.L. McGLASSON ◽  
J. E.LANDERS
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Performance
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