Graphene Oxide Colloidal Suspensions as Cutting Fluids for Micromachining: Part 1 — Fabrication and Performance Evaluation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Chu ◽  
Eklavya Singh ◽  
Johnson Samuel ◽  
Nikhil Koratkar
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Cutting Temperature ◽  
Colloidal Suspensions ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Droplet Spreading ◽  
Bulk Fluid ◽  
Graphene Layers ◽  
Lubrication Performance ◽  
Cooling And Lubrication ◽  
Lateral Length

This paper is aimed at investigating the effects of graphene oxide platelet (GOP) geometry (i.e., lateral size and thickness) and oxygen functionalization on the cooling and lubrication performance of GOP colloidal suspensions. The techniques of thermal reduction and ultrasonic exfoliation were used to manufacture three different types of GOPs. For each of these three types of GOPs, colloidal solutions with GOP concentrations varying between 0.1–1 wt% were evaluated for their dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity and micromachining performance. The ultrasonically-exfoliated GOPs (with 2–3 graphene layers and lowest in-solution characteristic lateral length of 120 nm) appear to be the most favorable for micromachining applications. Even at the lowest concentration of 0.1 wt%, they are capable of providing a 51% reduction in the cutting temperature and a 25% reduction in the surface roughness value over that of the baseline semi-synthetic cutting fluid. For the thermally-reduced GOPs (with 4–8 graphene layers and in-solution characteristic lateral length of 562–2780 nm), a concentration of 0.2 wt% appears to be optimal. The findings suggest that the differences seen between the colloidal suspensions in terms of their droplet spreading, evaporation and the subsequent GOP film-formation characteristics may be better indicators of their machining performance, as opposed to their bulk fluid properties.

Graphene Oxide Colloidal Suspensions as Cutting Fluids for Micromachining—Part I: Fabrication and Performance Evaluation

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Chu ◽  
Eklavya Singh ◽  
Johnson Samuel ◽  
Nikhil Koratkar
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Cutting Temperature ◽  
Colloidal Suspensions ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Droplet Spreading ◽  
Bulk Fluid ◽  
Graphene Layers ◽  
Lubrication Performance ◽  
Cooling And Lubrication ◽  
Lateral Length

This paper is aimed at investigating the effects of graphene oxide platelet (GOP) geometry (i.e., lateral size and thickness) and oxygen functionalization on the cooling and lubrication performance of GOP colloidal suspensions. The techniques of thermal reduction and ultrasonic exfoliation were used to manufacture three different types of GOPs. For each of these three types of GOPs, colloidal solutions with GOP concentrations varying between 0.1 and 1 wt.% were evaluated for their dynamic viscosity, thermal conductivity, and micromachining performance. The ultrasonically exfoliated GOPs (with 2–3 graphene layers and lowest in-solution characteristic lateral length of 120 nm) appear to be the most favorable for micromachining applications. Even at the lowest concentration of 0.1 wt.%, they are capable of providing a 51% reduction in the cutting temperature and a 25% reduction in the surface roughness value over that of the baseline semisynthetic cutting fluid. For the thermally reduced GOPs (TR GOPs) (with 4–8 graphene layers and in-solution characteristic lateral length of 562–2780 nm), a concentration of 0.2 wt.% appears to be optimal. The findings suggest that the differences seen between the colloidal suspensions in terms of their droplet spreading, evaporation, and the subsequent GOP film-formation characteristics may be better indicators of their machining performance, as opposed to their bulk fluid properties.

Analysis of Droplet Spreading on a Rotating Surface and the Prediction of Cooling and Lubrication Performance of an Atomization-Based Cutting Fluid System

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isha Ghai ◽  
Johnson Samuel ◽  
Richard E. DeVor ◽  
Shiv G. Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Droplet Spreading ◽  
Shape Information ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
Spreading Model ◽  
Lubrication Performance ◽  
Rotating Surface ◽  
Cooling And Lubrication

Droplet spreading on a rotating surface has been modeled with an aim to design an efficient atomization-based cutting fluid (ACF) system for micromachining processes. To this end, single-droplet impingement experiments are conducted on a rotating surface to capture the 3D shape of a droplet upon impingement. A parameterization scheme is then developed to mathematically define the 3D shape of droplet upon impingement. The shape information is used to develop an energy-based model for droplet spreading. The droplet spreading model captures the experimental results within 10% accuracy. The spreading model is then used to predict the cooling and lubrication for an ACF-based microturning process. The model captures the cooling and lubrication trends observed in microturning experiments. A parametric study is conducted to identify the significant factors affecting the performance of an ACF system. Droplet speed is found to have a dominant effect on both cooling and lubrication performance, particularly, with a low surface tension fluid for cooling and a low surface tension and high viscosity fluid for lubrication.

scholarly journals Performance Investigation of MQL Parameters Using Nano Cutting Fluids in Hard Milling

Fluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Tran Minh Duc ◽  
Tran The Long ◽  
Ngo Minh Tuan
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Cutting Temperature ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Al2o3 Nanoparticles ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Hard Milling ◽  
Lubrication Performance

Machining difficult-to-cut materials is one of the increasingly concerned issues in the metalworking industry. Low machinability and high cutting temperature generated from the contact zone are the main obstacles that need to be solved in order to improve economic and technical efficiency but still have to ensure environmental friendliness. The application of MQL method using nano cutting fluid is one of the suggested solutions to improve the cooling and lubricating performance of pure-MQL for machining difficult-to-cut materials. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of nanofluid MQL (NFMQL) parameters including the fluid type, type of nanoparticles, air pressure and air flow rate on cutting forces and surface roughness in hard milling of 60Si2Mn hardened steel (50–52 HRC). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was implemented to study the effects of investigated variables on hard machining performance. The most outstanding finding is that the main effects of the input variables and their interaction are deeply investigated to prove the better machinability and the superior cooling lubrication performance when machining under NFMQL condition. The experimental results indicate that the uses of smaller air pressure and higher air flow rate decrease the cutting forces and improve the surface quality. Al2O3 nanoparticles show the better results than MoS2 nanosheets. The applicability of soybean oil, a type of vegetable oil, is proven to be enlarged in hard milling by suspending nanoparticles, suitable for further studies in the field of sustainable manufacturing.

Cutting Temperature Measurement During Titanium Machining With an Atomization–Based Cutting Fluid (ACF) Spray System

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander C. Hoyne ◽  
Chandra Nath ◽  
Shiv G. Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Cutting Temperature ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Extreme Temperatures ◽  
Dry Machining ◽  
Lubrication Mechanism ◽  
Spray System ◽  
Titanium Machining ◽  
System Temperature ◽  
Cooling And Lubrication

The poor thermal conductivity and low elongation–to–break ratio of titanium lead to the development of extreme temperatures localized in the tool–chip interface during machining of its alloys and cause accelerated tool wear. The atomization–based cutting fluid (ACF) spray system has recently been demonstrated to improve tool life in titanium machining. In order to understand the cooling and lubrication mechanism of the ACF spray system, it is important to determine the temperature gradient developed inside the entire tool–chip interface. The objective of this work is to measure the cutting temperatures at various locations inside the tool–chip interface during titanium machining with the ACF spray system. The temperature gradient and mean cutting temperature are measured using the inserted and the tool–work thermocouple techniques, respectively. Cutting temperatures for dry machining and machining with flood cooling are also characterized for comparison with the ACF spray system temperature data. Findings reveal that the ACF spray system more effectively reduces cutting temperatures over flood cooling. The tool–chip friction coefficient data indicate that the fluid film created by the ACF spray system also actively penetrates the tool–chip interface to enhance lubrication during titanium machining, especially as the tool wears.

Graphene Oxide Colloidal Suspensions as Cutting Fluids for Micromachining—Part II: Droplet Dynamics and Film Formation

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Chu ◽  
Johnson Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Oxide Film ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Colloidal Suspensions ◽  
Cutting Fluids ◽  
Colloidal Solutions ◽  
Droplet Spreading ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Heated Substrate ◽  
Exfoliated Graphene

Part II of this paper is focused on studying the droplet spreading and the subsequent evaporation/film-formation characteristics of the graphene oxide colloidal solutions that were benchmarked in Part I. A high-speed imaging investigation was conducted to study the impingement dynamics of the colloidal solutions on a heated substrate. The spreading and evaporation characteristics of the fluids were then correlated with the corresponding temperature profiles and the subsequent formation of the residual graphene oxide film on the substrate. The findings reveal that the most important criterion dictating the machining performance of these colloidal solutions is the ability to form uniform, submicron thick films of graphene oxide upon evaporation of the carrier fluid. Colloidal suspensions of ultrasonically exfoliated graphene oxide at concentrations < 0.5 wt.% are best suited for micromachining applications since they are seen to produce such films. The use of thermally reduced (TR) graphene oxide suspensions at concentrations < 0.5 wt.% results in nonuniform films with thickness variations in the 0–5 μm range, which are responsible for the fluctuations seen in the cutting force and temperatures. At concentrations ≥ 0.5 wt.%, both the TR and ultrasonically exfoliated graphene oxide solutions result in thicker and nonuniform films that are detrimental for machining results. The findings of this study reveal that the characterization of the residual graphene oxide film left behind on a heated substrate may be an efficient technique to evaluate different graphene oxide colloidal solutions for cutting fluids applications in micromachining.

Graphene Oxide Colloidal Suspensions as Cutting Fluids for Micromachining: Part 2 — Droplet Dynamics and Film Formation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Chu ◽  
Johnson Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Oxide Film ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Colloidal Suspensions ◽  
Cutting Fluids ◽  
Colloidal Solutions ◽  
Droplet Spreading ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Heated Substrate ◽  
Exfoliated Graphene

Part-2 of this paper is focused on studying the droplet spreading and the subsequent evaporation/film-formation characteristics of the graphene oxide colloidal solutions that were benchmarked in Part-1. A high-speed imaging investigation was conducted to study the impingement dynamics of the colloidal solutions on a heated substrate. The spreading and evaporation characteristics of the fluids were then correlated with the corresponding temperature profiles and the subsequent formation of the residual graphene oxide film on the substrate. The findings reveal that the most important criterion dictating the machining performance of these colloidal solutions is the ability to form uniform, sub-micron thick films of graphene oxide upon evaporation of the carrier fluid. Colloidal suspensions of ultrasonically-exfoliated graphene oxide at concentrations < 0.5 wt% are best suited for micromachining applications since they are seen to produce such films. The use of thermally-reduced graphene oxide suspensions at concentrations < 0.5 wt% results in non-uniform films with thickness variations in the 0–5 μm range that are responsible for the fluctuations seen in the cutting force and temperatures. At concentrations ≥ 0.5 wt%, both the thermally-reduced and ultrasonically-exfoliated graphene oxide solutions result in thicker and non-uniform films that are detrimental for machining results. The findings of this study reveal that the characterization of the residual graphene oxide film left behind on a heated substrate may be an efficient technique to evaluate different graphene oxide colloidal solutions for cutting fluids applications in micromachining.

scholarly journals Investigations on the effect of silver nanoparticles on performance of coconut oil based cutting fluid in minimal fluid application

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 168781402110704
Author(s):  
Rengiah Robinson Gnanadurai ◽  
Solomon Mesfin
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Cutting Temperature ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Tribological Performance ◽  
Cutting Performance ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Sustainable Machining ◽  
Cooling And Lubrication ◽  
Aisi4340 Steel ◽  
Minimal Fluid

In this work, an innovative nanocutting fluid, based on coconut oil was developed by dispersing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of size less than 50 nm. The tribological and physical properties of the prepared nanocutting fluid with different volumes of silver nanoparticles were studied. It was found that the addition of 4% by volume of nanoparticles enhanced the properties of the nanocutting fluid compared to the other concentrations studied, thus demonstrating its excellent tribological performance. The effect of the newly developed nanocutting fluid with 4% of silver nanoparticles on cutting performance was also investigated while machining AISI4340 steel with minimal fluid application. Results revealed that the cutting force, cutting temperature, and tool wear are reduced on an average by 22.6%, 12.6%, and 5.3% respectively. It was evident that efficient cooling and lubrication of nanocutting fluid dispersed with silver nanoparticles improved the cutting performance. The outcomes of this work can be considered as a development toward eco-friendly and sustainable machining.

Development of Cutting Tools With Micro-Textured Surface for High Speed Machining of Ti-6Al-4V

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuru Hasegawa ◽  
Tatsuya Sugihara
Keyword(s):  
Tool Life ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Metal Cutting ◽  
Failure Process ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Cutting Temperature ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Cutting Fluid ◽  
Textured Surface ◽  
Textured Surfaces

Abstract In cutting of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the cutting speed is limited since a high cutting temperature leads to severe tool wear and short tool life, resulting in poor production efficiency. On the other hand, some recent literature has reported that various beneficial effects can be provided by forming micro-textures on the tool surface in the metal cutting process. In this study, in order to achieve high-performance machining of Ti-6Al-4V, we first investigated the mechanism of the tool failure process for a cemented carbide cutting tool in high-speed turning of Ti-6Al-4V. Based on the results, cutting tools with micro textured surfaces were developed under the consideration of a cutting fluid action. A series of experiments showed that the textured rake face successfully decreases the cutting temperature, resulting in a significant suppression of both crater wear and flank wear. In addition, the temperature zone where the texture tool is effective in terms of the tool life in the Ti-6Al-4V cutting was discussed.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of the ZnO Growth on Graphene and Graphene Oxide: The Role of the Initial Oxidation State of Carbon

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Gomez-Alvarez ◽  
Carlos Morales ◽  
Javier Méndez ◽  
Adolfo del Campo ◽  
Fernando J. Urbanos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Oxidation State ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Quasi Equilibrium ◽  
Initial Oxidation ◽  
Sio2 Substrate ◽  
Graphene Layers ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Early Stages

The role of the oxidation state of carbon on the early stages of growth of metal oxides was studied for the particular case of ZnO deposition on graphene and graphene oxide on SiO2 (G/SiO2 and GO/SiO2, respectively) substrates. The growth was carried out by thermal evaporation of metallic Zn under an oxygen atmosphere at room temperature. This technique permits quasi-equilibrium conditions during the oxide growth, allowing the characterization of the fundamental interaction between ZnO and the graphene-based substrates. Although in both cases ZnO follows a Volmer–Weber growth mode controlled by nucleation at defects, the details are different. In the case of the GO/SiO2 substrate, the nucleation process acts as a bottleneck, limiting the coverage of the complete surface and allowing the growth of very large ZnO structures in comparison to G/SiO2. Moreover, by studying the Zn-LMM Auger spectra, it is shown how the initial nature of the substrate influences the composition of the ZnO deposit during the very early stages of growth in terms of Zn/O atomic ratio. These results are compared to those previously reported regarding ZnO growth on graphite and graphene on Cu (G/Cu). This comparison allows us to understand the role of different characteristics of graphene-based substrates in terms of number of defects, oxidation state, graphene support substrate and number of graphene layers.

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