Evaluation of Risk Reduction From Tank Car Design and Operations Improvements: An Extended Study

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Gonzalez ◽  
Anand Prabhakaran ◽  
Graydon F. Booth ◽  
Florentina M. Gantoi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Impact Loads ◽  
Probabilistic Framework ◽  
Operating Environment ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Extended Study ◽  
Train Derailment ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Objective Methodology

Critical derailment incidents associated with crude oil and ethanol transport have led to a renewed focus on improving the performance of tank cars against the potential for puncture under derailment conditions. Proposed strategies for improving puncture performance have included design changes to tank cars as well as operational considerations, such as reduced speeds and upgraded brake systems. In a prior paper on this topic, the authors conceptualized a novel and objective methodology for quantifying and characterizing the reductions in risk that result from changes to tank car design or to the tank car operating environment. This paper describes an extension of that effort to include additional derailment cases, additional operating speeds, considerations for alternate train configurations, such as Distributed Power (DP) and Electrically Controlled Pneumatic (ECP) brakes, as well as options for component level studies. In essence, the developed methodology considers key elements that are relevant to tank car derailment performance and combines these elements into a consistent probabilistic framework to estimate the relative merit of proposed mitigation strategies. The relevant elements considered include variations in the derailment scenarios, chaotic derailment dynamics, the distribution of impact loads and impactor sizes, various operating speeds, brake system differences, and variations in tank car design. The paper also provides an overview of the validation efforts which suggest that the gross dynamics of a tank car train derailment, and the resulting puncture performance of the tank cars, are captured well by this methodology.

scholarly journals Validation of Methodology to Evaluate Risk Reduction in Tank Car Derailments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Gonzalez ◽  
Anand Prabhakaran ◽  
Graydon F. Booth ◽  
Florentina M. Gantoi ◽  
Arkaprabha Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Impact Loads ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Global Risk ◽  
Operating Environment ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Unique Outcome ◽  
Chaotic Nature ◽  
Detailed Computer

Critical derailment incidents associated with crude oil and ethanol transport have led to a renewed focus on improving the performance of tank cars against the potential for puncture under derailment conditions. Proposed strategies for improving accident performance have included design changes to tank cars, as well as, operational considerations such as reduced speeds. In prior publications, the authors have described the development of a novel methodology for quantifying and characterizing the reductions in risk that result from changes to tank car designs or the tank car operating environment. The methodology considers key elements that are relevant to tank car derailment performance, including variations in derailment scenarios, chaotic derailment dynamics, nominal distributions of impact loads and impactor sizes, operating speed differences, and variations in tank car designs, and combines these elements into a consistent framework to estimate the relative merit of proposed mitigation strategies. The modeling approach involves detailed computer simulations of derailment events, for which typical validation techniques are difficult to apply. Freight train derailments are uncontrolled chain events, which are prohibitively expensive to stage and instrument; and their chaotic nature makes the unique outcome of each event extremely sensitive to its particular set of initial and bounding conditions. Furthermore, the purpose of the modeling was to estimate the global risk reduction expected in the U.S. from tank car derailments, not to predict the outcome of a specific derailment event. These challenges call into question which validation techniques are most appropriate, considering both the modeling intent as well the availability and fidelity of the data sets available for validation. This paper provides an overview of the verification and validation efforts that have been used to enhance confidence in this methodology.

Mitigating Strategies for Hazardous Material Trains: Evaluating the Risk Reduction

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Gonzalez ◽  
Anand Prabhakaran ◽  
Graydon F. Booth ◽  
Florentina M. Gantoi ◽  
Anand R. Vithani
Keyword(s):  
Impact Load ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
The North ◽  
Load Distributions ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Safety Improvement ◽  
North American Market ◽  
Chaotic Nature ◽  
Objective Methodology

There is a significant increase in the transportation by rail of hazardous materials such as crude oil and ethanol in the North American market. Several derailment incidents associated with such transport have led to a renewed focus on improving the performance of tank cars against the potential for puncture under derailment conditions. Proposed strategies for improving puncture resistance have included design changes to tank cars, as well as, operational considerations such as reduced speeds. Given the chaotic nature of derailment events, it has been difficult to quantify globally, the overall ‘real-world’ safety improvement resulting from any given proposed change. A novel and objective methodology for quantifying and characterizing reductions in risk that result from changes to tank car designs or the tank car operating environment is outlined in this paper. The proposed methodology captures several parameters that are relevant to tank car derailment performance, including multiple derailment scenarios, derailment dynamics, impact load distributions, impactor sizes, operating conditions, tank car designs, etc., and combines them into a consistent probabilistic framework to estimate the relative merit of proposed mitigation strategies.

Study of optimal layout based on integrated probabilistic framework (IPF): Case of a crude oil tank farm

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingguang Zhang ◽  
Zhan Dou ◽  
Longfei Liu ◽  
Juncheng Jiang ◽  
Ahmed Mebarki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Optimal Layout ◽  
Probabilistic Framework ◽  
Tank Farm ◽  
Oil Tank

scholarly journals Microbial Functional Responses in Marine Biofilms Exposed to Deepwater Horizon Spill Contaminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel L. Mugge ◽  
Jennifer L. Salerno ◽  
Leila J. Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Functional Redundancy ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Chemical Dispersant ◽  
Marine Biofilms ◽  
And Function

Marine biofilms are essential biological components that transform built structures into artificial reefs. Anthropogenic contaminants released into the marine environment, such as crude oil and chemical dispersant from an oil spill, may disrupt the diversity and function of these foundational biofilms. To investigate the response of marine biofilm microbiomes from distinct environments to contaminants and to address microbial functional response, biofilm metagenomes were analyzed from two short-term microcosms, one using surface seawater (SSW) and the other using deep seawater (DSW). Following exposure to crude oil, chemical dispersant, and dispersed oil, taxonomically distinct communities were observed between microcosms from different source water challenged with the same contaminants and higher Shannon diversity was observed in SSW metagenomes. Marinobacter, Colwellia, Marinomonas, and Pseudoalteromonas phylotypes contributed to driving community differences between SSW and DSW. SSW metagenomes were dominated by Rhodobacteraceae, known biofilm-formers, and DSW metagenomes had the highest abundance of Marinobacter, associated with hydrocarbon degradation and biofilm formation. Association of source water metadata with treatment groups revealed that control biofilms (no contaminant) harbor the highest percentage of significant KEGG orthologs (KOs). While 70% functional similarity was observed among all metagenomes from both experiments, functional differences between SSW and DSW metagenomes were driven primarily by membrane transport KOs, while functional similarities were attributed to translation and signaling and cellular process KOs. Oil and dispersant metagenomes were 90% similar to each other in their respective experiments, which provides evidence of functional redundancy in these microbiomes. When interrogating microbial functional redundancy, it is crucial to consider how composition and function evolve in tandem when assessing functional responses to changing environmental conditions within marine biofilms. This study may have implications for future oil spill mitigation strategies at the surface and at depth and also provides information about the microbiome functional responses of biofilms on steel structures in the marine built environment.

FMVSS 214 Dynamic NPRM - An Overview of the New Procedure, Component-Level Development Tests, and Vehicle Design Changes

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Winkelbauer ◽  
P. Michael Miller ◽  
Helen A. Kaleto ◽  
Jessica Gall ◽  
Shefalika Naik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Design Changes

scholarly journals Crude oil exploration in Africa: socio-economic implications, environmental impacts, and mitigation strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adedapo O. Adeola ◽  
Adedibu S. Akingboye ◽  
Odunayo T. Ore ◽  
Oladotun A. Oluwajana ◽  
Adetola H. Adewole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Oil Exploration ◽  
Economic Implications

scholarly journals Cause and Mitigation of Lithium-Ion Battery Failure—A Review

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 5676
Author(s):  
Muthukrishnan Kaliaperumal ◽  
Milindar S. Dharanendrakumar ◽  
Santosh Prasanna ◽  
Kaginele V. Abhishek ◽  
Ramesh Kumar Chidambaram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mode ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Solid Electrolyte Interphase ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Component Level ◽  
Protection Method ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
Intrinsic Safety

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are seen as a viable option to meet the rising demand for energy storage. To meet this requirement, substantial research is being accomplished in battery materials as well as operational safety. LiBs are delicate and may fail if not handled properly. The failure modes and mechanisms for any system can be derived using different methodologies like failure mode effects analysis (FMEA) and failure mode methods effects analysis (FMMEA). FMMEA is used in this paper as it helps to identify the reliability of a system at the component level focusing on the physics causing the observed failures and should thus be superior to the more data-driven FMEA approach. Mitigation strategies in LiBs to overcome the failure modes can be categorized as intrinsic safety, additional protection devices, and fire inhibition and ventilation. Intrinsic safety involves modifications of materials in anode, cathode, and electrolyte. Additives added to the electrolyte enhance the properties assisting in the improvement of solid-electrolyte interphase and stability. Protection devices include vents, circuit breakers, fuses, current interrupt devices, and positive temperature coefficient devices. Battery thermal management is also a protection method to maintain the temperature below the threshold level, it includes air, liquid, and phase change material-based cooling. Fire identification at the preliminary stage and introducing fire suppressive additives is very critical. This review paper provides a brief overview of advancements in battery chemistries, relevant modes, methods, and mechanisms of potential failures, and finally the required mitigation strategies to overcome these failures.

Accelerated Development of Subsurface Safety Valve Technologies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Wade Edwards
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Safety Valve ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Valve Development ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Technology Development Project ◽  
Risk Mitigation Strategies

Abstract Described is a methodology for accelerating the development of innovative and high-risk technologies, specifically, subsurface safety valve technologies. Focus is on methods of mitigating technical and commercial risks that can delay or prevent successful development of new technologies. Example risk assessment and risk mitigation strategies are provided from a recent subsurface safety valve technology development project. Mitigation strategies include fixture level testing, design changes, and deep client collaboration. In the example project, it is estimated that the total development time was reduced by as much as 50% by implementing these strategies. While a subsurface safety valve development is used in this example, it is believed that many strategies are applicable to other domains.

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