scholarly journals Reducing the Harm in Rail Crashes: Analysis of Injury Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce Wilson ◽  
David Tyrell
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Rare Events ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Freight Train ◽  
Passenger Train ◽  
Grade Crossing ◽  
High Level

Twenty-three commuter and inter-city passenger train accidents, which occurred over the past twenty years, have been analyzed. The analysis has assessed the potential effectiveness of various injury mitigation strategies. The strategies with the greatest potential to increase passenger safety are interior occupant protection, coupler integrity, end structure integrity, side structure integrity, and glazing system integrity. We recommend that these strategies be researched further. Three types of accidents were analyzed: train-to-train collisions, derailments, and grade-crossing collisions. Train-to-train collisions include the commuter train-freight train collision in Chatsworth, California on September 12, 2008. In Chatsworth a commuter train collided with a freight train at a closing speed of ∼80 mph, fatally injuring twenty-five people and injuring more than 100 others. Derailments include the commuter train derailment in Spuyten Duyvil, New York on December 1, 2013, fatally injuring four people and injuring more than fifty others. Grade-crossing accidents include the commuter-SUV collision in Valhalla, New York on February 3, 2015, which resulted in six fatally injured people, including the SUV driver, and thirteen severely injured people. Four categories of mitigation strategies were considered: train crashworthiness, wayside structure crashworthiness, fire safety, and emergency preparedness. Within each of these categories are equipment features, which may potentially be modified to further mitigate injuries. The features are simple noun phrases, e.g., “floor strength,” implying that the floor strength should be increased. Train crashworthiness includes features such as end strength, floor strength, coupler separation, and numerous others. Wayside structure crashworthiness includes features such as frangible catenary poles and third rail end caps. Fire safety includes train interior and train exterior features for minimizing the potential for fire and for reducing the rate at which fire might spread. Emergency preparedness includes features for emergency egress, access, lighting, signage, and on-board equipment, such as fire extinguishers. Overall, rail passenger travel has a high level of safety, and passenger train accidents are rare events. The numbers are low for expected casualties per passenger-mile and casualties per passenger-trip. A high level of safety, however, does not mean efforts to improve it should cease. But it does mean that crashes are rare events. Rare events in complex systems are notoriously difficult to analyze with confidence. There are too few accidents to provide the data needed for even a moderate degree of mathematical confidence in statistical analysis. Analyses of similar data in medical and scientific fields have been shown to be prone to the biases of the researchers, sometimes in subtle and difficult-to-detect ways. As a means of coping with the sparse data and potential biases, the goal has been to evaluate the accidents transparently and comprehensively. This approach allows a wide audience to understand how injuries and fatalities occur in passenger train accidents and, most importantly, allows us to prioritize mitigation strategies for research.

scholarly journals 407 - The Baycrest Quick-Response Caregiver Tool: The Role for a New Tool for Caregivers of Persons with Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
pp. 123-123
Author(s):  
Ken Schwartz ◽  
Robert Madan ◽  
Anna Berall ◽  
Marsha Natadira ◽  
Anna Santiago
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Quick Response ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
High Level ◽  
Person With Dementia ◽  
The Impact

Background:Responsive behaviours in dementia are associated with poor outcomes for the person with dementia (PWD) and caregiver burnout. Family caregivers need a variety of tools to manage responsive behaviours. The Baycrest Quick-Response Caregiver Tool was developed to provide caregivers with a tool that can be used in real time. In this study, the feasibility, impact, and effectiveness of this new tool were studied in family caregivers and health care providers (HCP) using quantitative and qualitative measures.Methods:Family caregivers were recruited and were asked to complete a pre-survey before being sent the link to the educational tool. One month after the telephone survey, caregivers were sent an online post-survey to gather their feedback on the tool and the impact of the tool on caregiver well -being. Healthcare providers were also recruited and reviewed the tool through an online feedback survey. The feasibility, impact, and effectiveness of the tool were assessed using quantitative and qualitative measures.Results:Caregivers had a moderate degree of and reported a high level of competence - these scores were maintained throughout the study. Caregivers reported that tool positively impacted their compassion towards the person with dementia (PWD), and that their interactions with improved. 100% of HCP who completed the feedback survey would recommend the tool to other HCP and to caregivers of PWD. The caregivers and HCP provided specific suggestions for improvement.Conclusions:The Baycrest Quick-Response Caregiver Tool was found to be feasible and helpful. It provides caregivers and HCP with an additional approach for responsive behaviours.

Geographic Variation in Dominance of Spinosad Resistance in Colorado Potato Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coby Klein ◽  
Mitchell Baker ◽  
Andrei Alyokhin ◽  
David Mota-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Long Island ◽  
New York State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Island Population ◽  
Potato Beetle ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Leptinotarsa Decemlineata Say ◽  
High Level

Abstract Eastern New York State is frequently the site of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say) populations with the highest observed levels of insecticide resistance to a range of active ingredients. The dominance of a resistant phenotype will affect its rate of increase and the potential for management. On organic farms on Long Island, L. decemlineata evolved high levels of resistance to spinosad in a short period of time and that resistance has spread across the eastern part of the Island. Resistance has also emerged in other parts of the country as well. To clarify the level of dominance or recessiveness of spinosad resistance in different parts of the United States and how resistance differs in separate beetle populations, we sampled in 2010 beetle populations from Maine, Michigan, and Long Island. In addition, a highly resistant Long Island population was assessed in 2012. All populations were hybridized with a laboratory-susceptible strain to determine dominance. None of the populations sampled in 2010 were significantly different from additive resistance, but the Long Island population sampled in 2012 was not significantly different from fully recessive. Recessive inheritance of high-level resistance may help manage its increase.

An Emergency Preparedness Response to Opioid-Prescribing Enforcement Actions in Maryland, 2018-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 136 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9S-17S
Author(s):  
Jessica C. Acharya ◽  
B. Casey Lyons ◽  
Vijay Murthy ◽  
Jennifer Stanley ◽  
Carly Babcock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Enforcement Action ◽  
State And Local

Federal and state enforcement authorities have increasingly intervened on the criminal overprescribing of opioids. However, little is known about the health effects these enforcement actions have on patients experiencing disrupted access to prescription opioids or medication-assisted treatment/medication for opioid use disorder. Simultaneously, opioid death rates have increased. In response, the Maryland Department of Health (MDH) has worked to coordinate mitigation strategies with enforcement partners (defined as any federal, state, or local enforcement authority or other governmental investigative authority). One strategy is a standardized protocol to implement emergency response functions, including rapidly identifying health hazards with real-time data access, deploying resources locally, and providing credible messages to partners and the public. From January 2018 through October 2019, MDH used the protocol in response to 12 enforcement actions targeting 34 medical professionals. A total of 9624 patients received Schedule II-V controlled substance prescriptions from affected prescribers under investigation in the 6 months before the respective enforcement action; 9270 (96%) patients were residents of Maryland. Preliminary data indicate fatal overdose events and potential loss of follow-up care among the patient population experiencing disrupted health care as a result of an enforcement action. The success of the strategy hinged on endorsement by leadership; the establishment of federal, state, and local roles and responsibilities; and data sharing. MDH’s approach, data sources, and lessons learned may support health departments across the country that are interested in conducting similar activities on the front lines of the opioid crisis.

Urban Infrastructure: Design and Preservation - Brooklyn Bridge Rehabilitation Program

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Collyer ◽  
Hasan Ahmed ◽  
Raj Navalurkar ◽  
Dawn Harrison
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Accelerated Bridge Construction ◽  
Repair Work ◽  
User Costs ◽  
Bridge Rehabilitation ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Bridge Structures ◽  
High Level ◽  
Brooklyn Bridge

<p>The Brooklyn Bridge is a National Historic Landmark and a New York City Landmark that has been in use for over 137 years. This is one of the most pictured bridge structures in the world, while being used as a critical and vital part of the infrastructure carrying over 105,000 vehicles per day. This paper addresses the engineering challenges/solutions related to the most current rehabilitation work being performed.</p><p>Contract 6 (2009 to 2017) represents a $650 million investment into the bridge to maintain it in a State of Good Repair. Work included deck replacement using accelerated bridge construction techniques and complete painting and steel repairs of the main span. A high-level traffic study and traffic simulations were developed to evaluate differing closure scenarios and their impacts on user costs and the traveling public.</p><p>Contract 6A (2017 to 2019) represents a $25 million investment in maintaining the historic and aesthetic integrity of the Brooklyn Bridge structures. Approximately, 30,000 SF of granite stone cladding will be replaced under this contract.</p><p>Contract 7 represents a $300 million investment that will address the rehabilitation of the historic arches on both sides of the main span and strengthening of the Towers. Construction is expected to begin in 2019.</p><p>Contract 8 represents a $250 million investment. It is in the planning phase and will address a new promenade enhancement (widening) over the Brooklyn Bridge.</p><p>This paper discusses how these engineering challenges were faced and resolved.</p>

Management of personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic in England and the state of New York: A comparative case study

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 71-89
Author(s):  
Amy Barber, BSc ◽  
Annaëlle Vinzent, BS ◽  
Imani Williams, BA
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
New York State ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Protective Equipment

Background: The COVID-19 crisis placed extraordinary demands on the supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) at the beginning of 2020. These were coupled with shocks to the supply chain resulting from the disease. Many typically well-resourced health systems faced subsequent shortages of equipment and had to implement new strategies to manage their stocks. Stockpiles of protective equipment were held in both the United States and United Kingdom intended to prevent shortages. Method: Cross-comparative case study approach by applying Pettigrew and Whipp’s framework for change management. Setting: The health systems of England and New York state from January 2020 to the end of April 2020. Results: Both cases reacted slowly to their outbreaks and faced problems with supplying enough PPE to their health systems. Their stockpiles were not enough to prevent shortages, with many distribution problems resulting from inadequate governance mechanisms. No sustainable responses to supply disruptions were implemented during the study period in either case. Health systems planned interventions along each part of the supply chain from production and importing, to usage guidelines. Conclusion: Global supply chains are vulnerable to disruptions caused by international crises, and existing mitigation strategies have not been wholly successful. The existence of stockpiles is insufficient to preventing shortages of necessary equipment in clinical settings. Both the governance and quality of stockpiles, as well as distribution channels are important for preventing shortages. At the time of writing, it is not possible to judge the strength of strategies adopted in these cases.

scholarly journals Proposals for the Negotiation Process on the United Nations Global Compact for Migration

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 682-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Genina
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Global Compact ◽  
Member States ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
High Level

On September 19th, 2016, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly adopted Resolution 71/1, the text of the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants (the “New York Declaration”). Resolution 71/1 is the outcome document of the high-level plenary meeting on addressing large movements of refugees and migrants, held at the UN headquarters. The New York Declaration reflects how UN member states have decided to address the challenge of large movements of people in two main legal categories: asylum seekers/refugees and migrants. Resolution 71/1 includes an annex titled “Towards a Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration” (the “global compact for migration” or “global compact”). This document is comprised of several thematic issues related to international migration that will be the basis of a globally negotiated agreement on how member states should respond to international migration at the national, regional, and international levels, as well as to issues related to international migration and development. The global compact for migration is intended to be adopted at a conference on international migration and development before the inauguration of the 73rd annual session of the UN General Assembly in September 2018. This paper addresses how UN member states should plan to address international migration in the future. It does not refer to refugees and asylum seekers: a global compact on refugees will be drafted by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 2018, and to be presented to the UN General Assembly for states' consideration during its 73rd annual session, which starts in September 2018.1 For those who have been involved in migration issues within the United Nations, the fact that member states have finally agreed to convene an international conference on international migration represents a major achievement. It is the result of an extended process that started decades ago and was made possible by a long chain of efforts by many state delegations and other stakeholders. The global compact for migration will not be the first outcome document dealing exclusively with international migration. A declaration2 adopted at a high-level meeting at the United Nations in October 2013, for example, paved the way for the 2018 conference. Nonetheless, the global compact represents a unique opportunity to address international migration comprehensively and humanely. This paper contributes to the discussion on the elements that should be included in the global compact for migration. The paper is divided into two sections. The first section analyzes the main elements of Annex II, “Towards a Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration,” and the criteria that needs to be adopted in order to achieve a substantive outcome. In particular, participants in the negotiation process should aim to balance the concerns of states and the members of host societies, on one hand, with the needs and rights of migrants, on the other. The second section includes proposals to enrich the final global compact for migration and takes into account two documents written by two different actors within the UN system, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Migration, and the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants. In particular, the paper proposes that the global compact for migration: • sets forth principles that can inform the actions of governments in relation to international migration at all levels; • enunciates a clearer definition of state protection responsibilities in relation to migrants in crisis situations and so-called “mixed flows”3; affords a substantive role to civil society organizations, the private sector, and academic institutions in the global compact's follow-up and review process; • defines the institutional framework for the implementation and follow-up of the global compact within the United Nations, including through the work of the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF); • establishes a mechanism to fund migration policies for states that lack enough resources to invest sufficiently in this task; and • builds a cooperation-oriented, peer-review mechanism to review migration policies. The paper has been conceived as an input for those who will take part in the negotiation of the global compact for migration, as well as those who will closely follow those negotiations. Thus, the paper assumes a level of knowledge on how international migration has been addressed within the United Nations during the last several years and of the complexities of these negotiation processes. The author took part in different UN negotiation processes on international migration from 2004 to 2013. The paper is primarily based on this experience.4

Contrasting Perspectives Regarding Climate Risks and Adaptation Strategies in the New York Metropolitan Area after Superstorm Sandy

2014 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 1450005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Miller ◽  
Griffin Kidd ◽  
Franco Montalto ◽  
Patrick Gurian ◽  
Cortney Worrall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New York ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Superstorm Sandy ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
York Metropolitan Area

The purpose of this study was to examine stakeholder perceptions of climate change and local adaptation strategies in the New York City area. A side-by-side comparison of expert and resident opinions provided a clear picture of the region's climate change attitude in the year following Superstorm Sandy. Semi-structured interviews with regional environmental experts provided material for a structured survey, which was then distributed to 100 experts and 250 residents in coastal NY and northern NJ counties. In the survey both stakeholder groups were asked to choose the top three climate threats to the NYC region and rate adaptation and mitigation strategies on a 1–5 Likert scale regarding their ability to protect the region and their cost-effectiveness. Results show that experts and residents agree that sea level rise, coastal flooding and storm surge, and an increased frequency and intensity of extreme events pose the greatest threats to NYC over the next 25 years. While both groups showed a preference for long-term planning over immediate action, experts and residents could not agree on which specific strategies would best serve the region. The aftermath of Superstorm Sandy had a strong impact on both the expert and resident opinions and efforts to monitor stakeholder opinions continue.

Evaluation of Rail Passenger Equipment Crashworthiness Strategies

2003 ◽  
Vol 1825 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Tyrell ◽  
A. Benjamin Perlman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Passenger Train ◽  
Grade Crossing

Comparisons are made of the effectiveness of competing crashworthiness strategies—crash energy management (CEM) and conventional passenger train design. CEM is a strategy for providing rail equipment crashworthiness that uses crush zones at the ends of cars. These zones are designed to collapse in a controlled way during a collision, distributing the crush among the train cars. This technique preserves the occupied spaces in the train and limits the decelerations of the occupant volumes. Two scenarios are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the crashworthiness strategies—( a) a train-to-train collision of a cab-car–led passenger train with a standing locomotive–led passenger train and ( b) a grade-crossing collision of a cab-car-led passenger train with a standing highway vehicle. The maximum speed for which all the occupants are expected to survive and the predicted increase in fatalities and injuries with increasing collision speed are determined for both train designs. Crash energy management is shown to significantly increase the maximum speed at which all the occupants could survive for both grade crossing and train-to-train collisions for cab-car–led trains, at the expense of modestly increasing the speeds at which occupants impact the interior in train-to-train collisions.

scholarly journals Achievement motive of future physical education teachers

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-288
Author(s):  
Dusanka Lazarevic ◽  
Biljana Trebjesanin
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Motivational Climate ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Physical Education Teachers ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Achievement Motive ◽  
Professional Goals ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Level

This paper presents the results of the research of the characteristics of achievement motive of future physical education teachers. Starting from understanding of the importance of achievement motive for the successful accomplishment of professional goals and roles of teachers, the aim of our research is to examine the level of achievement motive, the characteristics of its structure and differences according to gender. The instrument MOP2002 (Francesko et al., 2002a) was applied, which presupposes the complex structure of this motive. The sample consisted of 373 students (263 male and 110 female) of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Belgrade. The results show that their achievement motive is characterized by the tendency towards high level of presence, and its structure is in the largest degree determined by the components accomplishing goals as a source of pleasure and perseverance in accomplishing goals, which is followed by orientation towards planning. The component competing with others is demonstrated in a moderate degree and it is least expressed. It was shown that female students have a larger degree of achievement motive when compared to male students, and accomplishing goals as a source of pleasure and perseverance in accomplishing goals mostly contribute to the difference in structure of achievement motive. It can be expected that the achievement motive, with the structure and degree of presence determined in our respondents, will contribute that they, as future teachers, become a good motivational model and the creators of a desirable motivational climate.

scholarly journals Community attitudes towards volunteering programs for community service "Prince Hussein Academy for Civil Protection as a model": اتجاهات الأكاديميين نحو برامج التطوع الموجهة لخدمة المجتمع " أكاديمية الأمير حسين للحماية المدنية أنموذجا "

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (13) ◽  
pp. 69-57
Author(s):  
Abdul-Razzaq Abdel-Hafez Al-Dalabih Abdul-Razzaq Abdel-Hafez Al-Dalabih
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Volunteer Work ◽  
Academic Experience ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Civil Protection ◽  
Voluntary Programs ◽  
Arithmetic Average ◽  
Volunteer Programs ◽  
High Level

  The present study aimed to identify trends of ’attitudes towards volunteering programs directed at community service, and the study relied on the descriptive approach, and the study population consisted of a sample consisting of (81) academics at the Prince Hussein Academy for Civil Protection, chosen randomly, and the results showed the arithmetic averages of academics’ attitudes toward The volunteering programs directed to community service came with a moderate degree, with a mean (3.62) At the level of the paragraphs, the paragraph that says: "Volunteer work expresses the true values ​​that we believe in" was ranked first, with an arithmetic average (4.10) and a high level, while the paragraph that states: "Free invest time in volunteer work." With an average of (3.16) and a medium degree, the results showed that there are no differences in academics ’attitudes towards volunteer programs directed to community service due to the variable of academic experience, while the results showed the existence of differences attributed to: the faculty variable and in favor of human faculties and in light of the results of the study recommend the need to link enrollment With the voluntary programs in the promotion system to encourage academics to practice volunteer activities in the local community.

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