Impact of Construction Materials in the Energy Consumption in Homes in the Caribbean

Solar Energy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis H. Alva ◽  
Jorge E. Gonza´lez ◽  
John B. Hertz
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cooling Load ◽  
The Impact

This investigation presents the thermal analysis of an experimental, low energy consuming home for low-income families, located in Puerto Rico, where the prevailing climate is hot and humid. The objective of this analysis is to aid in the design of energy efficient homes, which in turn will reduce energy consumption in the Island. This investigation compares the analysis of this experimental house, specifically designed for the tropics, to a similarly sized, conventionally built low-cost home. Different construction materials are evaluated in conjunction with the use of either natural ventilation or air conditioning. The impact of natural ventilation is analyzed, with results for the inside temperature and interior heat removal presented and compared. Additional energy saving strategies are evaluated, including solar thermal energy for domestic hot water production, daylighting and the use of energy efficient lights. The annual energy consumption of the proposed experimental home is calculated and compared with the energy consumption of the conventional house. The thermal load of the house is calculated through the use of mathematical simulations of the dynamic annual cooling load using well-known software such as Energy-Plus for a TMY for San Juan, Puerto Rico. Results for the inside temperature of the experimental house, the heat loss due to natural ventilation, the cooling load when air conditioning is used, and energy consumption are presented and compared with the conventional house. Results indicate that the experimental house is 30% more energy efficient when all the energy saving strategies are considered.

Efficient Concept of Low Energy Building

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Low Energy

Low energy architect is a major target of building researchers and designers worldwide. Obviously, any portion of energy that can be saved in this respect can be directed to industrial processes, if any. Building energy consumption can be reduced through various systems such as air conditioning (a major building energy consumer), lighting, equipment, etc. In regions where energy is limited or scarce, air conditioning would have to be replaced by natural ventilation for the removal of the building heat load for thermal comfort. Also, energy conservation issues are being more important in hot arid regions, especially because the building are consuming more than 60% of electric energy generated and about 65% of this energy is consumed for cooling. There is a set of complex factors, which determine energy needs in building, such as solar radiation, type of A/C systems, building operation, thermal properties of the building envelop... etc. In the present decade the aim is to discuss the advantage of energy efficient building design. There is several ways to reduce the energy consumed for the human comfort process, but what is the most energy efficient or more energy saving from these ways. One of these is the insulation, which can be used for insulating the wall and the roof, which subjected to the large amount of the solar heat gain. The insulation of the roof is intended to maximize resident’s thermal comfort and minimize energy consumption of housing. The parameters, which are effect on the thermal performance of the roof, are the color, general construction, insulation and ventilation. This paper present the effect of insulation of the roof on the amount of energy consumed for different types of insulation in order to select the suitable insulation which give the minimum cost and maximum energy saving. This work was done using an energy software program (Visual DOE). This paper provided suggestions to improve the building construction for the thermal comfort. A parametric analysis was investigated for the economic analysis of various insulating building materials.

scholarly journals Audit Energi Pemakaian Air Conditioning (AC) Di Gedung Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Kab. Ketapang Propinsi Kalimantan Barat

ELKHA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Arif Lukman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Audit Result ◽  
Consumption Intensity

Abstract–Goverment Building Pekerjaan Umum Office of Ketapang District, West Kalimantan is one of government office buildings into categorized  of office buildings that use air conditioning. To implement one of the government's policy that is to save electricity energy consumption in government building, it must be known Intensity of Energy Consumption in the building, Preliminary Energy Audit Result in Public Service Office Building of Kab. Ketapang shows the value of Energy Consumption Intensity (IKE) of 198.13 kWH / (m ^ 2.year) and belongs to the category of government building with air conditioning with energy efficient enough.To improve the category of energy saving savings, a Detailed Energy Audit should be performed. Detailed Energy Audit Result, through the measurement data analysis step, the search for energy saving opportunities analysis of energy saving opportunities resulted some recommendations that must be done by the Office of Public Works of Kab. Ketapang in order to improve the category of energy-efficient usage. The results of the Detailed Energy Audit improve the category of energy use in Public Works Office to be efficient with the value of Energy Consumption Intensity (IKE) 156.83 kWH / (m2.year)And savings programs that are made include in energy savings program at no cost and with low cost.

scholarly journals Energy-Saving Potential of Extending Temperature Set-Points in a VRF Air-Conditioned Building

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joowook Kim ◽  
Doosam Song ◽  
Suyeon Kim ◽  
Sohyun Park ◽  
Youngjin Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Hvac Systems ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Energy Saving Potential ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort

Building energy savings and occupant thermal comfort are the main issues in building technology. As such, the development of energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems and the control strategies of HVAC systems are emerging as important topics in the HVAC industry. Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems have efficient energy performance, so the use of VRF systems in buildings is increasing. However, most studies on VRF systems focus on improving mechanical efficiency, with few studies on energy-efficient control while satisfying the thermal comfort of occupants. The goal is to estimate the energy-saving potential of adjusting the temperature set-points and dead-band (range) in VRF air-conditioned building. To do so, we analyzed the influence of control strategies of a VRF system on human thermal comfort and energy consumption using a simulation method. The results showed that energy consumption can be reduced by 25.4% for predicted mean vote (PMV)-based control and 27.0% for the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) comfort range control compared with the typical set-point temperature control of a VRF system. The indoor thermal environments of the analyzed control strategies are controlled in the thermal comfort range, which is based on a PMV at ±0.5. Compared with the typical set-point control, PMV and ASHRAE comfort range-based control reduced the operation time of the compressor in the VRF system.

scholarly journals Energy saving in air conditioning of buildings

2018 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 05024
Author(s):  
Mousa Mohamed ◽  
Mohammed Almarshadi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Double Layers ◽  
Cooling Load ◽  
Maximum Heat

The external heat load of residential buildings in summer is the dominant parameter of the required cooling load and refrigeration capacity of air conditioning systems. The consumed energy of air conditioning system is proportional to the outside conditions and intensity of solar radiation. The maximum heat load of building may occur at 3 O’clock PM, although the peak of solar radiation occurs at noon. The construction materials of building is playing an important rolls of heat transmission through buildings outside walls and glazing windows. The walls thermal insulation can be effective in energy conservation by reducing the cooling load and required electrical energy. The building is constructed from common materials with 0~12 cm thermal insulation in outside walls, ceilings, and double layers glazing windows. The building heat loads are calculated for two models of walls. The optimum thickness of thermal insulation is also determined and is found between 6~8 cm for insulation of thermal conductivity of 0.039 W/m.K the energy saving is 50.45% at 6 cm insulation thickness.

Energy Efficient and Cool Storage Assisted Air-Conditioning System for Hospital Building

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal P. Maheshwari ◽  
Raba’a A. Al-Murad ◽  
Yehya N. Al-Hadban ◽  
Mohammed J. Sebzali
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cooling Load ◽  
Cool Storage ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Building Load ◽  
Energy Conservation Measures ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Air-conditioning (A/C) is an important sector for Kuwait. It is not only the single largest consumer of electricity, its yearly import accounts for well over 200 million US dollars. Energy conservation measures have been in practice in Kuwait since 1983 through a well defined code of practice enforced by the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW). Additional energy efficient products and techniques developed thereafter, however, have not been introduced as the electricity is highly subsidized and the MEW code has not been modified. Applications of some of the cost effective energy conservation measures and use of cool storage for peak power shaving have been carried out as a demonstration project in a two-story building, housing the Center for Speech and Audio Therapy having 3,180 m2 of air-conditioned space. As a first step, the building cooling load was re-estimated using an energy simulation computer program and proper design specifications. It was found to be 31.4% lower than the original estimated load of 161.3 tons of refrigeration (RT). Use of energy-efficient windows and cooling recovery units that were found to be cost-effective resulted in a final building load of 64.5 RT. Finally, ice storage was incorporated to meet 50% of the peak cooling load. This paper presents the complete design details including the impact of a building load simulation program and cost benefit analysis of important energy conservation measures. It also presents a design and operation scheme for a cool storage, assisted A/C system and its performance results collected during the summer of 1998.

scholarly journals Systematic Method for the Energy-Saving Potential Calculation of Air-Conditioning Systems via Data Mining. Part I: Methodology

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Rongjiang Ma ◽  
Shen Yang ◽  
Xianlin Wang ◽  
Xi-Cheng Wang ◽  
Ming Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
Potential Analysis ◽  
Energy Saving Potential ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems

Air-conditioning systems contribute the most to energy consumption among building equipment. Hence, energy saving for air-conditioning systems would be the essence of reducing building energy consumption. The conventional energy-saving diagnosis method through observation, test, and identification (OTI) has several drawbacks such as time consumption and narrow focus. To overcome these problems, this study proposed a systematic method for energy-saving diagnosis in air-conditioning systems based on data mining. The method mainly includes seven steps: (1) data collection, (2) data preprocessing, (3) recognition of variable-speed equipment, (4) recognition of system operation mode, (5) regression analysis of energy consumption data, (6) constraints analysis of system running, and (7) energy-saving potential analysis. A case study with a complicated air-conditioning system coupled with an ice storage system demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the traditional OTI method, the data-mining-based method can provide a more comprehensive analysis of energy-saving potential with less time cost, although it strongly relies on data quality in all steps and lacks flexibility for diagnosing specific equipment for energy-saving potential analysis. The results can deepen the understanding of the operating data characteristics of air-conditioning systems.

scholarly journals Assessing a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm with a Simulated Environment for Energy-Saving of Air Conditioning Systems with User Preferences

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Alejandro Humberto García Ruiz ◽  
Salvador Ibarra Martínez ◽  
José Antonio Castán Rocha ◽  
Jesús David Terán Villanueva ◽  
Julio Laria Menchaca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
User Satisfaction ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
The State ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Air Conditioning System

Electricity is one of the most important resources for the growth and sustainability of the population. This paper assesses the energy consumption and user satisfaction of a simulated air conditioning system controlled with two different optimization algorithms. The algorithms are a genetic algorithm (GA), implemented from the state of the art, and a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II) proposed in this paper; these algorithms control an air conditioning system considering user preferences. It is worth noting that we made several modifications to the objective function’s definition to make it more robust. The energy-saving optimization is essential to reduce CO2 emissions and economic costs; on the other hand, it is desirable for the user to feel comfortable, yet it will entail a higher energy consumption. Thus, we integrate user preferences with energy-saving on a single weighted function and a Pareto bi-objective problem to increase user satisfaction and decrease electrical energy consumption. To assess the experimentation, we constructed a simulator by training a backpropagation neural network with real data from a laboratory’s air conditioning system. According to the results, we conclude that NSGA II provides better results than the state of the art (GA) regarding user preferences and energy-saving.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Packet Forwarding Scheme Based on Fuzzy Decision-Making in Underwater Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4368
Author(s):  
Jitander Kumar Pabani ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Luque-Nieto ◽  
Waheeduddin Hyder ◽  
Pablo Otero
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Fuzzy Decision Making ◽  
Underwater Sensor Networks ◽  
Packet Forwarding ◽  
Node Number ◽  
The Impact

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are subjected to a multitude of real-life challenges. Maintaining adequate power consumption is one of the critical ones, for obvious reasons. This includes proper energy consumption due to nodes close to and far from the sink node (gateway), which affect the overall energy efficiency of the system. These wireless sensors gather and route the data to the onshore base station through the gateway at the sea surface. However, finding an optimum and efficient path from the source node to the gateway is a challenging task. The common reasons for the loss of energy in existing routing protocols for underwater are (1) a node shut down due to battery drainage, (2) packet loss or packet collision which causes re-transmission and hence affects the performance of the system, and (3) inappropriate selection of sensor node for forwarding data. To address these issues, an energy efficient packet forwarding scheme using fuzzy logic is proposed in this work. The proposed protocol uses three metrics: number of hops to reach the gateway node, number of neighbors (in the transmission range of a node) and the distance (or its equivalent received signal strength indicator, RSSI) in a 3D UWSN architecture. In addition, the performance of the system is also tested with adaptive and non-adaptive transmission ranges and scalable number of nodes to see the impact on energy consumption and number of hops. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs better than other existing techniques or in terms of parameters used in this scheme.

scholarly journals Assessment Methodology for Efficiency, CO2-Emissions and Primary Energy Consumption for Refrigeration Technologies in the Industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 882 ◽  
pp. 215-220
Author(s):  
Matthias Koppmann ◽  
Raphael Lechner ◽  
Tom Goßner ◽  
Markus Brautsch
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Primary Energy Consumption ◽  
Assessment Methodology ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Chp System ◽  
The Individual

Process cooling and air conditioning are becoming increasingly important in the industry. Refrigeration is still mostly accomplished with compression chillers, although alternative technologies are available on the market that can be more efficient for specific applications. Within the scope of the project “EffiCool” a technology toolbox is currently being developed, which is intended to assist industrials users in selecting energy efficient and eco-friendly cooling solutions. In order to assess different refrigeration options a consistent methodology was developed. The refrigeration technologies are assessed regarding their efficiency, CO2-emissions and primary energy consumption. For CCHP systems an exergetic allocation method was implemented. Two scenarios with A) a compression chiller and B) an absorption chiller coupled to a natural gas CHP system were calculated exemplarily, showing a greater overall efficiency for the CCHP system, although the individual COP of the chiller is considerably lower.

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