An ILI Based Program That Prevents Reoccurrence of Post ILI Failures Seen in Industry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Huang ◽  
Shahani Kariyawasam
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Rate Data ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
The Future ◽  
Incident Rate ◽  
Incident Rates ◽  
Program Changes

The pipeline industry has been using Inline Inspection (ILI) since the 1970s. High resolution tools have been available for inspecting corrosion from about the 1980s and related ILI-based programs have been evolving. In this study incident rate data from the last 30 to 40 years of experience was examined and trended. Corrosion related incident rates have reduced where ILI programs have been implemented. Significant changes in programs have shown related incident reductions or positive trends. Throughout this time there have been a few post-ILI incidents and by taking a closer look at these incidents and learning from the findings the ILI-based assessments and programs were further improved. In this study, all of the post-ILI corrosion related ruptures on the TransCanada system have been closely examined and trended. The effects of program changes and related changes to performance indicators have been examined. Some significant industry failures, where data is publicly available, have also been examined. These failures have been analyzed and trended to understand significant commonalities between these failures. Data was analyzed with the intention of learning from them and applying this learning to avoid similar failures in the future. By understanding the uncertainties, technology limitations, and limits of applicability as well as the types of programs used and where these have not identified probable failures practical solutions were derived. All of the failures have been examined (as allowed by the data available) to find approaches which would have proactively identified these events, so that similar events can be avoided in the future. ILI tools generate a wealth of information and appropriate use of this information has shown to be effective in managing pipelines. However, it is also important to understand the limitations of technologies, learn from the failures, and acknowledge uncertainties so that undesirable events can be avoided.

Development of Key Performance Indicators for Offshore Structural Integrity

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Sharp ◽  
G. Ersdal ◽  
D. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Key Performance Indicators ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Life Extension ◽  
Offshore Installations ◽  
Incident Rate ◽  
Safety Systems ◽  
Incident Rates

Key performance indicators (KPIs) are widely used to assess performance against targets, whether these be technical, environmental or financial. Offshore KPIs are used by both duty holders and regulators to assess the reliability of equipment and systems, often they relate to safety systems and the regulator’s interest relates to such systems. The most obvious KPIs include number of fatalities, fatal accident rate, lost time injury frequency and total recordable incident rate, as well as hydrocarbon release incident rates associated with maintaining safety. Many of the “non-headline” KPIs relate to systems that could be critical in the event of an accident and these are of great importance. However KPIs have not yet been developed for the performance of the offshore structural system. Performance standards are a requirement of current UK offshore legislation, although these again are more normally associated with fire and explosion. Since many offshore installations are now in the ageing phase performance measures are increasingly important. This paper described the background to developing KPIs for offshore structures, relating to aspects which are important for both safety and asset integrity. This has been achieved based on a hazard approach, which includes extreme weather, fatigue, corrosion and accidental damage. KPI’s need to be measurable and this aspect has been incorporated in their development. It is proposed that these KPIs will have significant use in providing a basis for measuring structural performance, particularly for ageing installations where a case for life extension needs to be made.

Bringing the Future into Focus: Benefits and Challenges of High-Resolution Global Climate Change Simulations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Stephen Gerald Yeager ◽  
Ping Chang ◽  
Gokhan Danabasoglu ◽  
James Edwards ◽  
Nan Rosenbloom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals High-Resolution Seeded Simulations of Western North Pacific Ocean Tropical Cyclones in Two Future Extreme Climates

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-334
Author(s):  
J. G. McLay ◽  
E. A. Hendricks ◽  
J. Moskaitis
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Western North Pacific ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Bootstrap Analysis ◽  
Western North Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Future

ABSTRACT A variant of downscaling is devised to explore the properties of tropical cyclones (TCs) that originate in the open ocean of the western North Pacific Ocean (WestPac) region under extreme climates. This variant applies a seeding strategy in large-scale environments simulated by phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) climate-model integrations together with embedded integrations of Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System for Tropical Cyclones (COAMPS-TC), an operational, high-resolution, nonhydrostatic, convection-permitting numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. Test periods for the present day and late twenty-first century are sampled from two different integrations for the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 forcing scenario. Then seeded simulations for the present-day period are contrasted with similar seeded simulations for the future period. Reinforcing other downscaling studies, the seeding results suggest that the future environments are notably more conducive to high-intensity TC activity in the WestPac. Specifically, the future simulations yield considerably more TCs that exceed 96-kt (1 kt ≈ 0.5144 m s−1) intensity, and these TCs exhibit notably greater average life cycle maximum intensity and tend to spend more time above the 96-kt intensity threshold. Also, the future simulations yield more TCs that make landfall at >64-kt intensity, and the average landfall intensity of these storms is appreciably greater. These findings are supported by statistical bootstrap analysis as well as by a supplemental sensitivity analysis. Accounting for COAMPS-TC intensity forecast bias using a quantile-matching approach, the seeded simulations suggest that the potential maximum western North Pacific TC intensities in the future extreme climate may be approximately 190 kt.

scholarly journals Hydration Dynamics and the Future of Small-Amplitude AFM Imaging in Air

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (23) ◽  
pp. 7083
Author(s):  
Sergio Santos ◽  
Tuza A. Olukan ◽  
Chia-Yun Lai ◽  
Matteo Chiesa
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Small Amplitude ◽  
Stable State ◽  
High Resolution Imaging ◽  
Hydration Layer ◽  
Afm Imaging ◽  
The Future ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Tip Radius ◽  
Hydration Dynamics

Here, we discuss the effects that the dynamics of the hydration layer and other variables, such as the tip radius, have on the availability of imaging regimes in dynamic AFM—including multifrequency AFM. Since small amplitudes are required for high-resolution imaging, we focus on these cases. It is possible to fully immerse a sharp tip under the hydration layer and image with amplitudes similar to or smaller than the height of the hydration layer, i.e., ~1 nm. When mica or HOPG surfaces are only cleaved, molecules adhere to their surfaces, and reaching a thermodynamically stable state for imaging might take hours. During these first hours, different possibilities for imaging emerge and change, implying that these conditions must be considered and reported when imaging.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Using Future SWOT Data for Oceanic Field Reconstruction

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucile Gaultier ◽  
Clément Ubelmann ◽  
Lee-Lueng Fu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Ocean General Circulation Model ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Satellite Mission ◽  
The Future ◽  
Resolution Model ◽  
Mapping Techniques ◽  
Ocean Topography

AbstractConventional altimetry measures a one-dimensional profile of sea surface height (SSH) along the satellite track. Two-dimensional SSH can be reconstructed using mapping techniques; however, the spatial resolution is quite coarse even when data from several altimeters are analyzed. A new satellite mission based on radar interferometry is scheduled to be launched in 2020. This mission, called Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT), will measure SSH at high resolution along a wide swath, thus providing two-dimensional images of the ocean surface topography. This new capability will provide a large amount of data even though they are contaminated with instrument noise and geophysical errors. This paper presents a tool that simulates synthetic observations of SSH from the future SWOT mission using SSH from any ocean general circulation model (OGCM). SWOT-like data have been generated from a high-resolution model and analyzed to investigate the sampling and accuracy characteristics of the future SWOT data. This tool will help explore new ideas and methods for optimizing the retrieval of information from future SWOT missions.

scholarly journals HERMES – An instrument of the future

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (S262) ◽  
pp. 448-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Wylie-de Boer ◽  
Kenneth Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Individual Stars ◽  
Elemental Abundances ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Resolution Spectrometer ◽  
Resolution Spectrometer

AbstractHERMES is a new, multi-object high resolution spectrometer for the 3.9m Anglo Australian Telescope, using the existing 2dF positioner. The primary goal of the HERMES survey is to unravel the history of the Galaxy from detailed elemental abundances for about 1.2 million individual stars. The HERMES chemical tagging survey concentrates on the 5000 to 8000 Å window at a resolving power of 30,000 in order to identify dissolved star formation aggregates and ascertain the importance of mergers throughout the history of the Galaxy.

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