Understanding Pipeline Strain Conditions: Case Studies Between ILI Axial and ILI Bending Measurement Techniques

Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity ◽

10.1115/ipc2018-78577 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Jeremie J. Choquette ◽

Sylvain Cornu ◽

Mohamed ElSeify ◽

Raymond Karé

Keyword(s):

Strain Measurement ◽

Axial Strain ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Indirect Measurement ◽

Measurement Unit ◽

Measurement Tool ◽

Strain History ◽

Directional Drilling ◽

History Effects ◽

Bending Strain

In-Line inspection (ILI) tools consisting of combined sensor technologies provide a unique opportunity for operators to understand the conditions of pipelines. There is also an additional opportunity to contrast and validate individual sensing techniques against each other when their functionalities and purposes overlap. By using multi-technologies ILI measurements for strain, a pipeline operator can gain further insight into the pipeline strain behavior at any point along the length of the inspection. This paper establishes the relationship between ILI axial strain measurement tool data and conventional geometric strain data obtained from inertial measurement unit (IMU) based on data collected during in-service inspection of a 12″ liquid pipeline. Within any pipeline section, the tool configuration with circumferentially spaced strain sensors allows the use of appropriate analysis techniques to decompose the longitudinal strain into its primary components (axial, bending and out of roundness). The axial strain measurement tool sensing system provides an indirect measurement of bending strain that can be compared to the geometric measurement of bending strain determined from the pipeline trajectory as determined from the IMU analysis. Flexural bending strain resulting from horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is investigated in this paper. Convergences and divergences between the measurement techniques are presented. Data available from different strain technologies mounted on ILI tools offers an opportunity to conduct a comparative study and to provide a better understanding of a pipeline’s strain condition. This paper will present the framework for understanding the different strain measurement technologies and an investigation into the pipeline prior strain history (effects from fabrication, hydrostatic testing and external loads) and their corresponding impact on the material state at the time of inspection.

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A novel algorithm for pipeline displacement and bending strain of in-line inspection based on inertia measurement technology

Advances in Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1177/1687814018816755 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 168781401881675

Author(s):

Shucong Liu ◽

Dezhi Zheng ◽

Tianhao Wang ◽

Mengxi Dai ◽

Rui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Strain Measurement ◽

Inertial Measurement Unit ◽

Spline Interpolation ◽

Measurement Unit ◽

Measurement Technology ◽

Safe Operation ◽

Inertial Measurement ◽

Filtering Algorithm ◽

Measuring Devices ◽

Bending Strain

The in-line inspection tool with Inertial Measurement Unit tool is becoming a routine and important practice for many pipeline companies and is effective for whole-line bending strain measurement. However, the measurements of Inertial Measurement Unit tool are always affected by noises and errors, which are caused by inherent inaccuracies and deficiencies of the experimental techniques and measuring devices. For the calculations of the bending strain, the results are very sensitive to the noises and errors. A filtering algorithm based on cubic spline interpolation was proposed for Inertial Measurement Unit data processing to eliminate noises and errors for bending strain, and the effectiveness is validated through the pipeline field test. The results showed that the average pipeline displacement deviation declined 13.82% in the three tests, and the bending strain error reduced from 0.037% to 0.014%. The proposed method effectively improves the inspection accuracy and provides an effective method for pipeline displacement and strain inspection, which ensures the safe operation of the pipeline.

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In Line Inspection of Geotechnical Hazards

Volume 2: Pipeline Integrity Management ◽

10.1115/ipc2014-33245 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen Westwood ◽

Dan Jungwirth ◽

Randy Nickle ◽

Doug Dewar ◽

Michael Martens

Keyword(s):

Technology Implementation ◽

Strain Measurement ◽

Axial Strain ◽

Steel Structure ◽

Total Strain ◽

Electromagnetic Properties ◽

Strain Gauges ◽

Measurement Tool ◽

Survey Tool

Four North American pipeline operators and a pipeline inspection company have been working together on a research project assessing the feasibility of using an electromagnetic non-contacting strain measurement tool capable of being deployed during ILI inspection to measure axial strain in pipelines. The axial strain sensor is the TSC StressProbe. It is an electromagnetic technique which makes use of the fact that when a steel structure is loaded, its electromagnetic properties change. Monitoring the changes in magnetic properties allows one to measure changes in strain. The use of in-line inspection high resolution inertial survey tool data in the determination of bending strain in operating pipelines is well developed and understood. The missing component in determining the total strain in the pipeline is to understand the component of axial strain that the pipeline is experiencing without the need to expose the pipeline for the installation of surficial pipe monitoring (primarily strain gauges) or destructive testing (such as cut-outs). Many current methods of stress/strain measurement including the installation of strain gauges only allows for the determination of change in strain going forward from the date of install; whereas, the StressProbe responds to total strain at the time of inspection. This paper will present the technology implementation, inspection feasibility and discuss preliminary results from case studies in determining the ability of the in-line inspection axial strain measurement to correlate with known changes in strain in pipelines being influenced by ground movements.

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Development of a Quick and Easy-to-Install Strain Measurement Tool for Both Bending and Torsional Piping Stress Assessment

Volume 5: High-Pressure Technology; Rudy Scavuzzo Student Paper Symposium and 24th Annual Student Paper Competition; ASME Nondestructive Evaluation, Diagnosis and Prognosis Division (NDPD); Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Creep Fatigue Workshop ◽

10.1115/pvp2016-63144 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Tsunemichi Takahama ◽

Kazuma Nishimura ◽

Seiichiro Ninomiya ◽

Yoshihiro Matsumoto ◽

Yutaka Harada

Keyword(s):

Strain Gauge ◽

Strain Measurement ◽

Adhesive Bonding ◽

Working Time ◽

Measurement Tool ◽

Stress Assessment ◽

The Moment ◽

Time Required ◽

Longitudinal Strains

To assess the stresses on small-bore piping, we have developed a new tool that can be easily installed on a piping surface without adhesive bonding and that measures strains on piping quickly and accurately. This tool, which we call a “strain gauge holder,” is patented in Japan. As the tool can contain four strain gauge rosettes, with each rosette comprising three elements, the longitudinal strains and sheer strains can be measured synchronously at any four points precisely 90 degrees apart, with one point in each quadrant. By mockup testing, we confirmed that the measured bending and torsional strains by the holder were almost equivalent to the measured strains by the bonded gauges with adhesive, and that the holder made it possible to synchronously measure all of the strains resulting from the moment of force acting in three axes on the piping by measuring the bending and torsional strains in each quadrant. The strain gauge holder is expected to significantly reduce the pre- and post-working time required for strain measurement and stress assessment of piping in real plants.

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Monitoring High Temperature Steam Pipes Using Optical Strain Measurement Techniques

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.5-6.145 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 5-6 ◽

pp. 145-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrew Morris ◽

John P. Dear ◽

Miltiadis Kourmpetis

Keyword(s):

Wind Turbine ◽

Strain Measurement ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Turbine Blades ◽

Monitoring Methods ◽

Wind Turbine Blades ◽

Optical Strain Measurement ◽

Optical Strain ◽

High Temperature Steam ◽

Steam Pipes

Optical strain measurement techniques have been extensively developed in recent years in order to cope in various environments. Power stations and wind turbine blades can provide challenging environments for the use of a measurement technique. There are, however, many installation problems to be overcome. For example, there is the need to have regard for the hostile environment in steam generating plant and the demanding conditions to which wind turbine blades are subjected. Ideally the outputs from individual sensors would be used for continuous remote monitoring. However, measurements can also be useful each time the plant is shut down during a plant outage; which would be used to complement data from existing proven rugged monitoring methods. This paper addresses the monitoring of pressurized steam pipes as to their micro-strain growth related to time in service. This paper presents the progress made in the developing of a ruggedised digital speckle ‘sensor’ and associated image capture system. The effect of subsurface defects in the strain distribution is examined.

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Mechanically-compensated bending-strain measurement of multilayered paper-like electronics via surface-mounted sensor

Composite Structures ◽

10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114652 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 277 ◽

pp. 114652

Author(s):

Furong Chen ◽

Chao Hou ◽

Shan Jiang ◽

Chen Zhu ◽

Lin Xiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Strain Measurement ◽

Bending Strain

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Comparative Study of As-Built Geometric and Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured Ceramics

Volume 1A: 38th Computers and Information in Engineering Conference ◽

10.1115/detc2018-86017 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

John C. Steuben ◽

Athanasios P. Iliopoulos ◽

John G. Michopoulos

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Strain Measurement ◽

High Performance ◽

Marked Decrease ◽

Measurement Techniques ◽

Direct Ink Writing ◽

Optical Strain Measurement ◽

Broad Variety ◽

Optical Strain ◽

Am Processes

Additive Manufacturing (AM) encompasses a broad variety of fabrication techniques characterized by successive additions of mass and/or energy to a build domain. AM processes have been developed for a wide variety of feedstock materials, including metals, polymers, and ceramics. In the present work we study the AM of ceramics using the Direct Ink Writing (DIW) technique. We performed comparative studies between additively manufactured and conventionally manufactured test articles, in order to quantify the variations in output geometry and mechanical properties induced by the DIW process. Uniaxial tests are conducted using high-performance optical strain measurement techniques. In particular, it is shown that the DIW-produced specimens exhibit anisotropic shrinkage when fired, as well as a marked decrease in stiffness and ultimate strength. We conclude with a discussion of potential mechanisms which may be responsible for these property degradations, and introduce potential adaptations to the DIW AM process that may be effective in combating them.

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