Exceeding Limitations: Ultrasonic Crack Inspections Become Feasible for Liquid Natural Gases

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hennig ◽  
Rogelio Guajardo ◽  
Ernesto Suarez ◽  
Victor Haro ◽  
Peter Haberl
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
External Boundary ◽  
Tool Development ◽  
Natural Gases ◽  
Standard Solution ◽  
The Common ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Sound Density ◽  
Propane Butane

Ultrasonic crack inspection services have become a standard solution for pipeline integrity programs, especially for liquid pipelines. ILI tools provide reliable and accurate data for assessment of axial and circumferential cracking defects to derive educated decisions on the integrity and maintenance of the asset. This technology inspects common media such as crude and light oils, water, diesel, benzene, or similar. Running tools in mediums used for commercial operations does not affect the throughput of the line. Crude and light oils, water, diesel, benzene etc. have relatively constant ultrasonic characteristics with varying pressures and temperatures and are very suitable for ultrasonic inspections, therefore called common media within the context of this paper. If the medium in the pipeline does not fall within the common media, the situation changes. These media are called challenges media. Especially for liquefied natural gases (LNG) or liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) where temperature and pressure have a significant impact on the ultrasonic characteristics of speed of sound, density, and attenuation. LNGs and LPGs typically contain high amounts of propane, butane, and some other higher order alkanes. Due to the high variability of these components to external boundary conditions, inline inspections in these type of pipelines are usually performed by replacing the medium with a more feasible one, e.g. water or diesel. This causes significant impact to productivity and throughput and increases costs and efforts. The authors will present the work performed to overcome and solve this workaround and run an ultrasonic crack inspection tool in LNG. This paper highlights the challenging aspects considered to successfully perform inline inspections in LNGs. We will present a standardized and systematic approach to overcome limitations of the technology in such media. Starting with the challenges and ideas for enhancement of the service, the paper will discuss the design of the experiment, the experiment itself, the results, and present the conclusions that resulted in the tool development and the analysis procedure. Finally, the authors will present the application of the enhanced service in a customer pipeline, including ILI preparation, execution, analysis, and in-the-ditch verifications. The structured and systematic approach allows the inspection company to perform successful and reliable crack detection inspections in LNG lines. This includes axial and circumferential cracking threats.

Cylindrical Section with Helically Arranged Perforations Inspired by Nature

2015 ◽  
Vol 802 ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Yian Peen Woo ◽  
Kok Keong Choong
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Cylindrical Section ◽  
Structural Responses ◽  
The Common ◽  
Independent Parameters ◽  
Helix Line ◽  
Single Helix

Inspired by the shape and helical pattern of perforations on Cholla skeleton, structural responses of cylindrical sections with multiple perforations have been studied. The common approach to define a helix however, has not been adopted to define the helix lines on the cylindrical sections. This paper proposed a systematic approach to be followed by researchers, for the generation of perforations in multiple helices pattern on surface of cylindrical section. Independent parameters were identified to offer the designers’ ability in taking control when making decision on the desired pattern of perforation along the generated helices covering the surface of the cylindrical section. Rules were imposed to standardize the process and to avoid duplications of similar models under different parameter combinations. Models with perforations along a single helix line were recommended to be generated for consideration prior to those with multiple helices. In this way, understanding the effect of factors found in single helix model can be obtained prior to the examination of the effects of much more complex factors in multiple helices.

Peripheral Nerve

2016 ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
Robert J. Spinner
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Oral Examinations

Peripheral nerve is an important and historical part of neurosurgery. It also has been a major focus of both the written and oral examinations administered by the American Board of Neurological Surgeons (ABNS). The Oral Board candidate must be prepared for potentially one to several questions on some of the common disorders of the peripheral nervous system. In this chapter, a systematic approach to peripheral nerve problems is presented. Common areas that might be examined include tumors, injuries, inflammatory conditions, entrapments, and neuropathic pain. Five cases are illustrated, and “pearls” are provided. At the conclusion of the chapter are nine photographs representing problems the Oral Board candidate should be able to identify and answer.

Why a New Approach to Medical Ethics Is Needed

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-43
Author(s):  
Rosamond Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Common Morality ◽  
Medical Professionalism ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Good Medical Practice ◽  
Everyday Ethics ◽  
The Common

The Trusted Doctor: Medical Ethics and Professionalism rejects the well-entrenched views of medical ethics as everyday ethics or common morality applied to medicine. This chapter lays the foundation for the original account of medical ethics that follows in the book’s succeeding chapters. By presenting vivid examples and general arguments the author demonstrates ways in which the ethics of medicine is distinct and different from common morality. The chapter discusses the most popular common morality views, namely, the four principles approach expounded by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress in Principles of Biomedical Ethics and the ten rules approach presented by Bernard Gert, Charles Culver, and K. Danner Clouser in Bioethics: A Systematic Approach by presenting arguments that challenge their applicability to medical practice. A chart identifies some stark differences between the common morality approach and good medical practice and shows how everyday ethics is incompatible with medical professionalism.

Graphene Oxide PMMA Solid on the Absorption of Lead Ion

2017 ◽  
Vol 896 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Po Sang Lo ◽  
Chun Ki Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Test Solution ◽  
Lead Ion ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Standard Solution ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Adsorption Capability

GO-PMMA solid was used to test its ability on absorbing the lead ion obtained from standard solution. Samples of the test solution were collected at 0 min, 10 min, 30 min, 50 min and 70 min. The results analyzed from ICP reveal that GO-PMMA solid could absorb lead (II) ion sup to 68.6%, which is 65.8% higher than the control setup, i.e. PMMA solid, at room temperature and pressure. The dry mass of GO-PMMA solid is around 119.82g and the mass after testing is around 124.21g. The ability of absorption could be easily refreshed by washing with ethanol and distillated water (80/20 v/v) several times. Structure of GO-PMMA solid was characterized by FRIR and optical microscope. The oxygen-containing functional groups and the rough surface of the GO-PMMA solid are determined to be the contributing factors of the adsorption of lead (II) ion onto GO-PMMA solid. The high removal efficiency of GO-PMMA suggests its adsorption capability on lead (II) ion and can be applied to remove lead (II) ions from water.

scholarly journals The trainee in difficulty

CJEM ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (03) ◽  
pp. 205-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert McGraw ◽  
Sarita Verma
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Program Director ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
The Common ◽  
Medical Educators

ABSTRACT The trainee in difficulty is someone who is either marginal or at risk of failing in his or her clinical performance. Dealing effectively with these learners can pose problems even for seasoned medical educators. This article discusses some of the common mistakes made by educators in dealing with the trainee in difficulty and offers suggestions for a systematic approach. Further, the roles of faculty, including the program director and associate dean’s office, and some of the legal issues are described.

scholarly journals Mydriasis during Orbital Floor Fracture Reconstruction: A Novel Diagnostic and Treatment Algorithm

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Yeo ◽  
Radwan Al-Mousa ◽  
Gangadhara Sundar ◽  
Thiam Chye Lim
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Treatment Algorithm ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Orbital Floor ◽  
Facial Skeleton ◽  
Orbital Floor Fracture ◽  
Orbital Floor Fractures ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The Common

Orbital floor fractures are the most commonly encountered traumatic fractures in the facial skeleton. Mydriasis that is detected during orbital floor fracture reconstruction may cause significant distress to surgeons, as it may be associated with sinister events such as visual loss. It is not an uncommon problem; previous studies have shown the incidence of mydriasis to be 2.1%. The combination of careful preoperative evaluation and planning, as well as specific intraoperative investigations when mydriasis is encountered, can be immensely valuable in allaying surgeons’ anxiety during orbital floor fracture reconstruction. In this review article, the authors discuss the common causes of mydriasis and present a novel systematic approach to its diagnostic evaluation devised by our unit that has been successfully implemented since 2008.

Engine Knock Rating of Natural Gases—Methane Number

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Ryan ◽  
T. J. Callahan ◽  
S. R. King
Keyword(s):  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Natural Gases ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Engine Knock ◽  
Methane Number ◽  
And Control ◽  
Propane Butane

A procedure has been developed and documented for determining the methane number of gaseous fuels. The methane number provides an indication of the knock tendency of the fuel. An experimental test matrix was designed for quantifying the effects of ethane, propane, butane, and CO2. A unique gas mixing and control system was developed to supply test gases to the engine and to control the equivalence ratio and engine operation. The results of the experiments agreed well with the limited data published in the literature. Predictive equations were developed for the methane number (MN) of gaseous fuels using the gas composition. The forms of these equations are suitable for incorporation in a computer program or a spreadsheet.

Load Distribution at the Intersection of Several Coaxial Axisymmetric Shells

1955 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-234
Author(s):  
H. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Load Distribution ◽  
Pressure Effects ◽  
The Common ◽  
Axisymmetric Shells ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Intersection Line ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Infinite Power ◽  
Temperature And Pressure Effects ◽  
Axial Interaction

Abstract A relaxation analysis of the load distribution at the intersection of several axisymmetric coaxial shells is presented. The relaxation process leads to an infinite power series, the summation of which yields explicit expressions for the individual shell loads. The shells are all assumed to be unconstrained axially, thus eliminating axial interaction effects among them. The analysis, consequently, is restricted to radial shear forces and distributed moments at the intersection line, which is taken in a plane perpendicular to the common axis of the shells. Methods of treating temperature and pressure effects are described, and an illustrative example of the analysis of a three-shell intersection is included.

Validation of EMAT In-Line Inspection Technology for SCC Management

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meera Kothari ◽  
Stephan Tappert ◽  
Uwe Strohmeier ◽  
Jose Larios ◽  
N. Daryl Ronsky
Keyword(s):  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Tool Development ◽  
Service Interruption ◽  
Detection Tool ◽  
Acoustic Transducer ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
Field Correlation

TransCanada has a need to manage sections of the pipeline that are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) failure by periodically performing hydrostatic testing. Since hydrostatic testing requires a complete service interruption, In Line Inspection technologies (operating in gas pipelines without liquid couplant) are being investigated as an alternate method to managing this hazard. This requirement resulted in a joint technology and tool development project involving GE Energy and TransCanada. The EmatScan® Crack Detection (CD) tool is designed to detect and size longitudinally oriented external SCC features in gas-filled pipelines. During autumn 2002, the EmatScan® CD tool was run in a 64 km section of the TransCanada system. In 2003, field correlation excavations were conducted to assess the accuracy of the tool. This paper describes the results from the correlation program conducted to validate GE Energy’ 36 inch (914 mm) diameter EMAT (Electro Magnetic Acoustic Transducer) crack detection tool.

Research on Degradation of Persistent Organic Pollutants- Pentachlorophenol by Mechanochemical

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 2840-2843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Qing Zhi Fei ◽  
Ya Min Li
Keyword(s):  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Persistent Organic Pollutants ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Metallic Oxide ◽  
Standard Solution ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Grinding Time

Pentachlorophenol (PCP), metallic oxide and ball-grinder medium steel beads are ground together in a ball-grinder under room temperature and pressure to degrade PCP. A AgNO3 standard solution was used to titrate the Cl--containing solution made from grinding product. The dechlorination rate used to show the degradation result of PCP was calculated through the amount of AgNO3 standard solution. The results show that dechlorination rate is increased with grinding time increasing, and the product shows a black hue after 2.5h grinding, which might be a sigh of elemental formation carbon; The bigger the CaO/PCP molar ratio is, the better the dechlorination rate is. With the molar ratio of 50:1,the dechlorination rate is over 90%, while 60:1 for almost 98%;

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