Use of Risk and Engineering Assessments to Improve Safety in Class Location Changes: South American Case Study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Erick Malpartida Moya
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
South American ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Design Code ◽  
Integrity Management

In South America, there is not a unique standard that regulates the Design, Operation, Maintenance and Integrity Management of Pipelines. Most of the countries had developed their own regulations and standards based mainly on the ASME Standards. These standards (like ASME B31.8 and ASME B31.8S) are being developed and updated considering the experience of different operators, but the results not always consider the difficulties in terms of social and cultural aspects of construct and operate pipelines in South America. Expansion of existing residential and commercial areas, or the construction of new developments near these pipelines can change a Location Class 1 into a Class 2 or Class 3 location. This development is not always predictable, besides the efforts of the South American Pipelines Operators made to coordinate this expansions with the local authorities, the growth in these countries are not well planned and the Operators are forced to face the situation without anticipation and without a backup of the regulations. Then the operators are unexpectedly left with a pipeline that no longer meets the requirements of its design code. ASME B31.8 establishes alternatives to adequate this changes into the design code: reducing the maximum allowable operating pressure of a pipeline, pipeline replacement increasing the wall thickness or by re-routing it away from the population. Those alternatives have high costs and significant operational difficulties, especially when the social conditions are not favorable. Additionally, some of these options do not even effectively solve the problem. Lowering operating stress levels do not always address the higher risk levels or safety concerns caused by the change in class. Increasing wall thickness, can lower probability of failure for a pipeline but not for all the combinations of threats, which depend on site specific conditions. The Pipeline Integrity Management System shall address all the threats as it is specified in ASME B31.8S, ensuring human safety as its primary objective. Third Party Damage is an important threat which in most of the pipelines around the world has caused the larger number of incidents. To manage this threat, risk assessments have been employed successfully to determine risk based on land use zones, proximity to utilities, alignment markers, one call and dig notification, surveillance intervals, among other variables. Calculating the risk to a specific pipeline near to a population after the mitigation activities are implemented, it may be shown that this pipeline has no more risk than other pipelines operating entirely in accordance with the design codes. Risks must be maintained “as low as reasonably practicable”, using cost benefit analysis to achieve these criteria. The reduction of the risk is accomplished by implementing additional mitigation plans, allowing to effectively use maintenance resources in areas where they will have the highest impact on risk. This paper shows how risk and engineering assessments and their consequent mitigation plans may be used to justify the safe operation of a pipeline without changing its original operating pressure following a change of class designation, exemplified with a case study from South America.

Improved Pipeline Dent Integrity Management

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Tiku ◽  
Amin Eshraghi ◽  
Vlad Semiga ◽  
Luis Torres ◽  
Mark Piazza
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Dent Depth

Pipeline dents can be developed from the pipe resting on rock, a third party machinery strike, rock strikes during backfilling, amongst other causes. The long-term integrity of a dented pipeline segment depends upon parameters including pipe geometry, indenter shape, dent depth, indenter support, secondary features, and pipeline operating pressure history at and following indentation. US DoT and other standards include dent repair and remediation criteria broadly based upon dent depth, dent location (top or bottom side), pressure cycling (liquid or gas), and dent interaction with secondary features (weld, corrosion, cracks). These criteria are simple and easily applied, however, they may not direct maintenance appropriately and be overly conservative or, in some cases, unconservative. Previous IPC papers have discussed the full-scale dent fatigue testing and dent modelling efforts to support integrity management criteria development by collecting material and structural response during dent formation and pressure loading. The present paper will present the results of this extensive dent structural and fatigue life numerical simulation program using a validated finite element (FE) analysis process. The paper describes the numerical simulation technique, as well as, the development of the novel engineering tool for integrity management, eliminating the need for numerical simulation of individual dent features to assess the relative integrity threat they pose. The development of the engineering tool presented in this paper considers the dent formation, re-rounding and through life response to pressure fluctuations to evaluate the fatigue life of dent features. The results of these analyses are used to develop fatigue life trends based on dent shape, restraint condition and operating pressure. These trends were used to develop models to predict dent relative severity and life based upon ILI inspection dent shape data for single peak dents. Dent shape has also been used to determine the restraint condition of a dent and its influence on the dent feature fatigue life. The tools were developed to address many of the uncertainties inherent in existing regulatory repair and remediation criteria. Current and future applications of the integrity assessment model are described along with recommendations for further development and testing to support pipeline integrity management, industry guidelines and standards. The results of this research will be of use in improving integrity management decisions and support further development of industry guides and standards. As such the information presented in this paper will be of interest to pipeline operators, integrity management specialists, in-line inspection (ILI) organizations and regulators. The recommendations presented in this paper may be used to influence the direction of pipeline standards in their direction in the disposition of dent features.

Using Quantitative Risk Assessment to Justify Location Class Changes: Case Study

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Rumney ◽  
Graham Goodfellow
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Design Code ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Location Class

Expansion of existing residential and commercial areas, or the construction of new developments in the vicinity of high pressure gas transmission pipelines can change a Location Class 1 into a Class 2 or Class 3 location. Operators are left with a pipeline that no longer meets the requirements of its design code. Reducing the maximum allowable operating pressure of a pipeline, or re-routing it away from the population, can meet the requirements of a design code, such as CSA Z662 or ASME B31.8, but such options have both high costs and significant operational difficulties. Quantitative risk assessment has been employed successfully for many years, by pipeline operators, to determine risk based land use planning zones, or to justify code infringements caused by new developments. By calculating the risk to a specific population from a pipeline, and comparing it with suitable acceptability criteria, a pipeline may be shown to contribute no more risk to a population than other pipelines operating entirely in accordance with the design codes. Risks may be demonstrated to be ‘as low as reasonably practicable’, through the use of cost benefit analysis, without additional mitigation, allowing precious pipeline maintenance funds to be spent most effectively in areas where they will have the highest impact on risk. This paper shows how quantitative risk assessment may be used to justify continued safe operation of a pipeline at its original operating stress following a change of class designation, illustrated with a case study from Western Europe.

The Logic of Polarizing Populism: State Crises and Polarization in South America

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Handlin
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
South America ◽  
Political Mobilization ◽  
South American ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Developing Democracies ◽  
Detailed Case

What explains high party polarization in younger developing democracies? This article examines and explains variation during South America’s recent left turn period, making two key claims. Extremely polarized politics in countries such as Bolivia, Ecuador, and Venezuela emerged through a mechanism termed polarizing populism, in which political outsiders leveraged popular anti-systemic appeals to underwrite otherwise risky and highly controversial policy programs. The occurrence (or not) of polarizing populism in South America, in turn, can be explained by the conjunction of state crises before the left turn period (which provided fuel for outsider politics) and the strength of the extant infrastructure of left-wing political mobilization each country possessed as the post–Cold War era began, which shaped incentives for outsiders to build ideologically narrow or broad elite coalitions. These propositions are tested through a broad analysis of eight South American countries and a more detailed case study of Venezuela.

Dent Assessment and Management: API Recommended Practice 1183

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Dinovitzer ◽  
Sanjay Tiku ◽  
Mark Piazza
Keyword(s):  
Model Development ◽  
Complex Function ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Operating Life ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Dent Depth

Abstract Pipeline dents can be developed from the pipe resting on rock, a third-party machinery strike, rock strikes during backfilling, amongst other causes. The long-term integrity of a dented pipeline segment is a complex function of a variety of parameters including pipe geometry, indenter shape, dent depth, indenter support, secondary features, and pipeline operating pressure history at and following indentation. In order to estimate the safe remaining operating life of a dented pipeline, all of these factors must be considered and guidelines for this assessment are not available. US DOT regulations (49 CFR 192 and 195) include dent repair and remediation criteria broadly based upon dent depth, dent location (top or bottom side), pressure cycling (liquid or gas), and dent interaction with secondary features (weld, corrosion, cracks). The criteria defined above are simple to use, however, they may not direct maintenance to higher risk dent features and be overly conservative or, in some cases, unconservative. PRCI, USDOT, CEPA and other full-scale testing, finite element modelling and engineering model development research has been completed to evaluate the integrity of pipeline dents. These results have demonstrated trends and limits in dent behavior and life that can improve on existing codified and traditional treatment of dents. With these research results a guideline for dent management can be developed to support operators develop and implement their pipeline integrity management programs. This paper provides an overview of the newly developed API recommended practice for assessment and management of dents (RP 1183). The RP considers dent formation strain, failure pressure and fatigue limit states including the effects of coincident features (i.e. welds, corrosion, cracks and gouges). This paper will focus on how pipeline operators can derive value from this step change in integrity management for dents. The paper describes the basis for the dent screening and integrity assessment tools included in the RP. This RP provides well founded techniques for engineering assessment that may be used to determine the significance of dent features, if remedial actions are required and when these actions should be taken.

scholarly journals Designing an Accountability Index: A Case Study of South America Central Governments

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Hermosa del Vasto ◽  
Cristina del Campo ◽  
Elena Urquía-Grande ◽  
Susana Jorge
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Web Site ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Global Reporting Initiative ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
Empirical Framework

Abstract The aim of this paper is to evaluate accountability using a newly constructed multivariate accountability index based on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), as well as on the accessibility of government disclosure for each country in the South America context. That will allow to analyse and compare the accountability disclosure issues among the South American countries. This study uses the statistical dimensional structure of data to identify the number of (dominant) dimensions. The findings were eight dimensions defined as Environmental, Expenditure, Social, Strategic, Economic, Information, Macroeconomic and Organizational perspectives. Scores are recorded for the twelve countries in South America that are classified accordingly. The contributions of this research represent an advance in the theoretical and empirical framework by creating an accountability index that takes into account the principles of good governance to improve the South America Central Governments’ transparency performance. This index could be used both by academics and practitioners to classify countries and their web site accountability.

scholarly journals OS TRIÂNGULOS COMPETITIVO-COOPERATIVOS NAS RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS: UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO TEÓRICA DO PODER A PARTIR DO ESTUDO DE CASO DAS FORÇAS POLÍTICAS INTERNAS E EXTERNAS NA AMÉRICA DO SUL

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Salgado Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
International Relations ◽  
International System ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Theoretical Formulation ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
South American Region ◽  
Realist View

In the 21st century, power projects in South America constitute disputes that comprise a dialectical correlation between Internal and External Political Forces. In this sense, this article aims to conduct an innovative debate based on the theoretical formulation called Competitive-Cooperative Triangles of Power, taking the South American region as a case study. From a realist view of international relations and by using an empirical-deductive methodology, the objective is to achieve an epistemological construction regarding power in the international system, explaining the challenges and possibilities of the South American Internal Political Forces.

Framing Uncertainty in Pipeline Geohazard Assessment for Integrity Management and Iterative Risk Assessment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney Read ◽  
John Erick Malpartida Moya ◽  
Giancarlo Massucco de la Sota
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Occurrence Frequency ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Hazard And Risk ◽  
Geohazard Assessment ◽  
Important Constituent

Pipeline geohazard assessment is becoming recognized by operators and regulators as an increasingly important constituent of overall integrity management and iterative risk assessment of pipelines. An ongoing challenge in assessing the threat posed to a pipeline by various geohazard mechanisms within the B31.8S category of Weather-related and Outside Force is the degree of uncertainty associated with estimates of frequency of occurrence, vulnerability, and loss of containment for individual and cospatial geohazard mechanisms. When combined with threats of other types, such as corrosion and third party damage, estimates of geohazard occurrence frequency and their associated frequency (or probability) of loss of containment may seem imprecise and uncertain. This paper discusses a framework for assessing geohazard susceptibility and the associated uncertainty, and means of incorporating and communicating uncertainty in hazard and risk assessments. Examples are provided from a case study in Perú.

Design of water allocation model: efficiency and risk aspects

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
C. Kim ◽  
D. Han
Keyword(s):  
Water Allocation ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Proportional Allocation ◽  
Model Efficiency ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Water Allocation Model ◽  
Allocation Methods

The primary objective of this study is to improve the methodology for water allocation focused on efficiency and risk aspects. To attain the primary objective, this study sets up an objective function to maximize social expected benefits, and considers three types of allocation methods. Three types of allocation methods are optimal, proportional, and fixed allocation between regions and service sectors. The results of case study area shows that the fixed allocation method is preferred to the proportional allocation in most cases except that the variance of flow is small with respect to efficiency. Also, efficient and less-risky allocation is simultaneously obtained in some cases, while efficiency and risk show the relation of trade-off in other cases.

Poe and His Global Advocates

2018 ◽  
pp. 596-617
Author(s):  
Emron Esplin
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
Rio De La Plata ◽  
Río De La Plata ◽  
Literary Traditions ◽  
La Plata ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Global Reputation

This essay explores Edgar Allan Poe’s extraordinary relationships with various literary traditions across the globe, posits that Poe is the most influential US writer on the global literary scene, and argues that Poe’s current global reputation relies at least as much on the radiance of the work of Poe’s literary advocates—many of whom are literary stars in their own right—as it does on the brilliance of Poe’s original works. The article briefly examines Poe’s most famous French advocates (Baudelaire, Mallarmé, Valéry); glosses the work of his advocates throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas; and offers a concise case study of Poe’s influence on and advocacy from three twentieth-century writers from the Río de la Plata region of South America (Quiroga, Borges, and Cortázar). The essay concludes by reading the relationships between Poe and his advocates through the ancient definition of astral or stellar influence.

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