Technical Evaluation of the Consequence of HCDP Upsets From Gas Producers Along Pipeline Laterals

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Hartloper ◽  
Kamal K. Botros ◽  
Karman Tittemore
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Ground Temperature ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Flow Parameters ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Quality Specifications ◽  
Technical Evaluation ◽  
Gas Plants ◽  
Condensed Hydrocarbons

Natural gas accepted into the pipeline at receipt points is subject to gas quality specifications to ensure that downstream laterals and mainlines are not subjected to operational upsets, and that the integrity of the pipeline and related facilities is not compromised. One of the specifications is the maximum hydro-carbon dew point (HCDP) at the pipeline operating pressure. Occasionally, gas plants encounter operational upsets that result in a higher HCDP. If the HCDP exceeds the ground temperature, condensation of heavier hydrocarbon can potentially occur along the lateral. Ideally, after an upset has been detected and the producer has been shut in, the lateral would be pigged to remove the condensed hydrocarbons. However, if the lateral is unpiggable, the only way to remove the liquids is to evaporate them into a flow of dryer gas. The present paper compares two potential courses of action which may be taken after a high HCDP is detected at a receipt point on an unpiggable line: (a) flowing dry gas from the producer after the source of upset is corrected, or (b) pulling dryer gas back from the operator’s mainline through the lateral to the producer. In order to determine the most appropriate course of action for a given upset, the state of the lateral during and after the upset must first be accurately quantified. In the present paper, the state was modelled based on the governing equations of fluid flow including heat transfer and condensation, the GERG-2008 equation of state, and empirical liquid-hold-up equations. The effect of flow parameters (e.g., gas composition, lateral elevation profile, ground temperature, etc.) on the upset severity is explored. Subsequently, models for forward flow and pull back are presented, and the criteria for selecting when either course of action is appropriate are discussed.

Testing of a Novel Post Combustion Acid Removal Process for the Direct-Fired, Oxy-Combustion Allam Cycle Power Generation System

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xijia Lu ◽  
Scott Martin ◽  
Mike McGroddy ◽  
Mike Swanson ◽  
Josh Stanislowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Supercritical Co2 ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
The State ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Removal Process ◽  
Gas Removal

The Allam Cycle is a high-performance oxy-fuel, supercritical CO2 power cycle that offers significant benefits over traditional fossil and hydrocarbon fuel-based power generation systems. A major benefit arises in the elimination of costly precombustion acid gas removal (AGR) for sulfur- (SOx) and nitrogen-based (NOx) impurities by utilizing a novel downstream cleanup process that utilizes NOx first as a gas phase catalyst to effect SOx oxidation, followed by NOx removal. The basic reactions required for this process, which have been well demonstrated in several facilities for the cleanup of exhaust gasses, ultimately convert SOx and NOx species to sulfuric, nitric, and nitrous acids for removal from the supercritical CO2 stream. The process results in simplified and significantly lower cost removal of these species and utilizes conditions inherent to the Allam Cycle that are ideally suited to facilitate this process. 8 Rivers Capital and the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), supported by the state of North Dakota, the U.S. Department of Energy and an Industrial consortium from the State of North Dakota, are currently working together to test and optimize this novel impurity removal process for pressurized, semi-closed supercritical CO2 cycles, such as the Allam Cycle. Both reaction kinetic modeling and on-site testing have been completed. Initial results show that both SOx and NOx can be substantially removed from CO2-rich exhaust gas containing excess oxygen under 20 bar operating pressure utilizing a simple packed spray column. Sensitivity of the removal rate to the concentration of oxygen and NOx was investigated. Follow-on work will focus on system optimization to improve removal efficiency and removal control, to minimize metallurgy and corrosion risks from handling concentrated acids, and to reduce overall capital cost and operating cost of the system.

Federalism and Caudillismo in the Mexican Revolution: The Genesis of the Oaxaca Sovereignty Movement (1915–20)

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Garner
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Mexican Revolution ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
The State ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Sovereign State ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Town

On 3 June 1915 the state legislature of Oaxaca in southern Mexico issued a decree which proclaimed that the ‘free and sovereign state of Oaxaca reassumes its sovereignty until such time as constitutional order is restored in the republic’ (i.e. in accordance with the Constitution of 1857). Governor José Inés Dávila therefore declared that the executive and legislative branches of the state government would assume control and responsibility over the federal agencies and services within the state. The justification for this dramatic course of action, taken at the height of a period of intense civil war in Mexico, was the decree issued by Venustiano Carranza in December 1914, which had suspended the Constitution in favour of a ‘temporary’ period of pre-constitutional government over which he was personally to retain strict executive control as First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army – thus effectively dissolving the constitutional base of the federation. The immediate casus belli was the occupation of the town of Pochutla on Oaxaca's Pacific coast on 1 May by a detachment of Constitutionalist troops, in what Governor Inés Dávila described as ‘a preconceived plan of attack on the sovereignty of the state’.

III. Ireland and the Empire in the 1860s. Imperial Precedents for Gladstone's First Irish Land Act.

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
The State ◽  
Liberal Party ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Hands On ◽  
George Campbell ◽  
General Influence

The influence of British Indian example on the Irish Land Act of 1870 has received some notice in recent years. Dr E. E. Stokes, for one, has commented that it was men with an Indian background like J. S. Mill and George Campbell who educated the Liberal party to think ‘that the State might justly lay hands on the sacred institution of private landed property’. It is argued here that the general influence was very much less than has been suggested. Nor did Indian example point to a single course of action by the state on the Irish problem. Mill and Campbell, the two leading advocates of Irish land reform to draw on India, put forward solutions which, if intended to secure practically the same end, differed significantly in their approach.

scholarly journals Indigenous Employment Policy and Foreign-Owned Corporation Employee’s Well-Being in Liberia

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 3146-3160
Author(s):  
Taofik Olatunji Bankole ◽  
Daniel Denny Gray ◽  
Abiodun Oluwaseun Oyebode ◽  
Gbelimu Elizabeth Lawal
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Employment Policy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Foreign Corporations

Every country institutes policy to take a course of action in favour of its citizens’ welfare. The view of indigenization policy in alignment with employment and workers treatment in Liberia takes different dimension. Liberia problem of unemployment cannot be compared to its underemployment and bad working conditions. The Liberian Indigenous policy has not reaped its fruit with marginalization, exploitation dispossession and poverty in commonplace. This study addresses the ineffectiveness of the indigenous employment policy and the state of workers’ well-being in foreign corporations in Liberia. This study adopts cross sectional method, and employs primary data. Information from 400 employees working with foreign-owned corporation was extracted from survey conducted in 2018 by the authors on the state of welfare of foreign-owned corporations’ employees in Liberia. The key explanatory variables are healthcare, social insurance, safety measures, stable job assignment, stable work hour, promotion on the job, and job security. The binary logistic regression was applied using version 22 of SPSS to examine association between the response and explanatory variables. The outcomes of this study showed that indigenous environmental policy was significant with worker’s well-being (p<0.05). The study concluded that indigenous employment policy has significant influence on the foreign-owned corporation workers’ well-being in Liberia.

scholarly journals A Review on Multicommodity Urban Evacuation Problem

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Gopal Prasad Acharya ◽  
Shree Ram Khadka
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Safe Zone ◽  
The State ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Street Segment ◽  
Traffic Routing ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Evacuation Model ◽  
Evacuation Traffic

Urban evacuation regards as a critical course of action that helps to re-locate the maximum number of people and property from the disaster zone of the urban area to the safe zone within the shortest possible time. Multi-commodity urban evacuation problem (MCUEP) explores and identifies the re-construction of the traffic routes to be followed in evacuation with the mobility of two or more types of the vehicles allowing two way streets. The idea of the paper is to introduce a multi-commodity urban evacuation traffic routing modeling with the bus commodity and the vehicle commodity in the street segment and intersection segment where the crossing and merging cannot be prohibited. The evacuation is made effective by sending and re-sending the buses (if necessary) and using the personal vehicles for once. The paper will give a review of MCUEP as the state of the art basically designed as a mixed integer model functioning as the remedy of the shortcomings of one-way evacuation model and put forwards a brief discussion of the solution approaches.Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVolume 21, Issue 1, August 2016, page: 19-27

scholarly journals SWOT Analysis of Farmers’ Perceptions on Farmer Producer Companies: A Study in Maharashtra, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 124-135
Author(s):  
S. B. Ramya Lakshmi ◽  
G. Jaya ◽  
K. C. Gummagolmath
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
New Production ◽  
Small Holders ◽  
Quality Specifications ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cultural Constraints

The present study was conducted in the state of Maharashtra with an objective to analyze the farmers’ perceptions on Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) in the state of Maharashtra. Member farmers were selected as sample respondents for the study. The results of the present study revealed that after association with producer company, there has been an improvement in the yields as stated by 96.66 per cent of the farmers under category I, 82.73 per cent of the farmers in category II and 77.50 per cent of the farmers under category III. It was also observed that there was an improvement in the quality of the produce and a majority of the farmers were happy with the price for their produce received after joining FPCs. It was also interesting to note that the problems faced by the farmers were different in all the three categories of FPCs. However, the common problem faced by the farmers in category II and III was manipulation of quotas and quality specifications by some of the companies. The SWOT analysis revealed that the major strengths identified by the farmers were more or less same in the selected FPCs like provision of inputs and production services, higher yields due to better management, minimizing the prices risk and better bargaining for small holders. The adoption of new production technology was a common weakness and pro-government policy was an important opportunity of all the producer companies as perceived by the farmers. The common threats to the producer companies of all categories include problem of sustaining long term operations, cut throat competition among companies, social and cultural constraints.

Where Governmentality Ends: Border Control Officers and Deportations of Sojourners in Israel

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oded Korczyn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThis paper will shed light on the deportation process of visaless sojourners staying and working in Israel. I will explain how state bureaucrats, specifically border control officers of the Enforcement Unit of the Interior Ministry (in Hebrew,hamemune al bikoret hagvulot beyekhidat ha'akhifa, misrad hapnim) are able to conduct activities that cause suffering to sojourners while still viewing themselves as moral human beings, by breaking down the decision-making process into a series of dichotomic categories, by defining Zionism as a context that justifies deportation, and by governing their emotions. I claim that in Israel, state bureaucrats view sojourners as unmanageable and incorrigible. Consequently, deportation becomes a logical course of action. Such an approach, which stresses the bureaucratic aspect of national projects, enables a better understanding of how the “State” is able to perform large-scale projects that cause suffering to individuals.

scholarly journals The State of the Political Parties in Mongolia: Facts and Conclusions

2013 ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
D Bold-Erdene
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The Social ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The major trends of the survey done by the Institute of Philosophy, Sociology and Law, Academy of Sciences, was on the state of political parties and their impact and responsibilities on the social process within the framework of a two-stage project implementation on the “Support in Achieving MDG-9 on human rights and democratic governance in Mongolia”. The process in the state of the political parties has naturally been implemented, and eventually there was no deadlock and interruption in the course of action. Within the survey results, it seems imperfection and insufficient promises in the level of unsatisfactory quality in significance of progression. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.69 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.18 2013: 47-51

Contextualizing Identity and Exclusion and the Unheard Voices of Kolkata’s Migrant Hand-rickshaw-pullers

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-183
Author(s):  
Subrata Bagchi
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
The State ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Global Capital ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The Government ◽  
Motorized Vehicles ◽  
The City ◽  
Rule Out

The intrigues of global capital are certain to drive out thousands of atrociously marginalized Dalit and Muslim hand-rickshaw-pullers from their livelihood in Kolkata (previously Calcutta) on the ground that not only are hand-rickshaws outdated, but their plying on the city-roads is an indication of retrogression as well as antithetical to development while global capital needs fast-paced smart-cities, supportive to unhindered capitalist development. In line with such exclusionary course of action, the State intends to rule out their continuance which would evict those marginal people from their livelihood. But this is utterly in contrast with the policy of inclusive growth. The plan is likely to play havoc with their livelihood since most of the pullers, belonging to the Hindi-and Urdu-speaking Dalit and Muslim groups are unskilled and old-aged. How would they survive when the government imposes overall ban on the hand-rickshaws, only to be replaced by motorized vehicles. Amidst the controversies, the vulnerable rickshaw-pullers meekly raise their voice of protest. But their voice fails to reach the portals of power.

scholarly journals Technical evaluation for the proposal of a different cricondentherm limit for the Caribbean coast within Colombian gas quality regulations

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Navarro Ochoa ◽  
Manuel Alfredo Figueredo Medina
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Caribbean Coast ◽  
Natural Gas Transmission ◽  
Technical Evaluation ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Additional Maximum

Introduction: The cricondentherm is the highest temperature above which a liquid cannot be formed, regardless of the pressure. According to the Colombian natural gas transmission regulations, this temperature should not exceed 7.2°C. Although this restriction is currently applied over the whole country, it is possible to propose a different limit on the cricondentherm for the Colombian Caribbean coast. Methods: In this document, the current hydrocarbon dew point (HCDP) limits for gas transport pipelines in several countries worldwide are analyzed, the weather conditions on the Colombian Caribbean coast are reviewed, and a thermodynamic and hydraulic study is developed, taking into account the composition of the gas (before any treatment) from three fields on the Caribbean coast, the elevation profile of one of the gas pipelines on the Caribbean coast, and the influence of the weather conditions on the behavior of gas in the pipeline. Results: Some countries define their HCDP values depending on the region through which the gas is transported. Simulations of the chosen gas pipeline with lean gases without any treatment at the worst ambient conditions of the Colombian Caribbean coast show that there is a slight liquid condensation at 21°C, indicating a gap with the current regulations (7.2°C) in which an additional maximum cricondentherm can be proposed for the Colombian Caribbean coast. Conclusions: From this work, it is concluded that a new cricondentherm for warm climates in Colombia, within the transmission regulations, should be between 10 and 12.6°C. This proposal is based on the results obtained in simulations and the acknowledgment that some of the Colombian gas pipelines operate only in warm regions of the country.

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