Investigation of the Influence of the Bourdon Effect on the Stress and Ovalization in Elbows

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad M. Shemirani ◽  
Samer Adeeb ◽  
J. J. Roger Cheng ◽  
Michael Martens
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Straight Pipe ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Pipe Length

Elbows are used frequently in pipeline systems. Manufacturing of elbows tends to cause the primary circular sections to ovalize. Ovalization intensifies when elbows are subjected to internal hoop pressure. The total ovality in elbows comprises both manufacturing and pressurization ovality. Elbows with oval cross sections under internal pressure tend to straighten. This effect is called the Bourdon Effect. If these effects are not taken into consideration, unanticipated deformations and higher stress levels could be present at the location of elbows. The Canadian oil and gas pipeline code (CSA Z662-11) has limited the ovality in elbows to 3 and 6 percent for progressive and non-progressive ovalizations, respectively. A mere imposition of two limits cannot determine the safety factor of pipeline. Also, consequences of using elbows with large ovality remain ambiguous as well. Understanding the influence of the Bourdon Effect and ovalization on the elbow design parameters is required. In this paper, the influence of the Bourdon Effect on the stress and ovalization developed in the elbows are investigated. Four Nominal Pipe Sizes (12, 24, 36, and 42) are selected. Elbows and straight pipe segments connected to them are analyzed using Finite Element Analysis. Geometric dimensions of actual scanned pipeline elbows are used to represent the actual situation in the field. Under the operating pressure, the maximum stress, ovality, and the Bourdon Effect in elbows for different elbow thicknesses and straight pipe lengths connected to the elbows are monitored. In addition, in this paper, the effect of the initial ovality was investigated for NPS 24 with constant straight pipe length. It was shown that the increase or decrease in the final ovality of the pipe is dependent on the initial ovality of the elbow cross section.

scholarly journals Inductance gradient and current density distribution for T-shaped convex and concave rail cross-sections

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1.8) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
M. N. Saravana Kumar ◽  
R. Murugan ◽  
Poorani Shivkumar
Keyword(s):  
Density Distribution ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Current Density Distribution ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Section Shape ◽  
Uniform Current

Rectangular rail was the most widely used cross section shape for the rail gun electromagnetic launching (EML) system. Based on sector assimilation, the rail gun key parameter especially current density (J) and inductance gradient (L’) greatly affected. J decides the efficiency of EML and L’ decides the force acting on the projectile of EML. So, it is mandatory to look upon the sector assimilation of rails. In this paper T shape convex and concave shape rail cross section is proposed and rail gun key design parameters are calculated by varying its dimensions using Ansoft Maxwell 2-D eddy current solver which uses finite element analysis technique to calculate these parameters. The performance of rail gun discussed using the obtained values and it has been observed and that the compared with other considered rail geometries, the T-shaped concave model shows more impact on inductance value which causes uniform current density distribution over the rails.

Cross Section Optimization of Plane Truss among Different Spans

2014 ◽  
Vol 679 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumayah Abdulsalam Mustafa ◽  
Mohd Zulham Affandi bin Mohd Zahid ◽  
Md.Hadli bin Abu Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Cross Section Shape ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Section Shape ◽  
Steel Sections ◽  
Research Show

Cross sectional areas optimization is to be implemented to study the influence of the cross section shape on the optimum truss weight. By the aid of analysis and design engines with advanced finite element analysis that is the steel design software STAAD. Four rolled steel sections (angle, tube, channel, and pipe) which are used in industrial roof trusses are applied for comparison. Many previous studies, use the areas of cross sections as design variables without highlight to the shape of cross section at the start of the process, consequently the result area will be adequate if the designer choose the effective shape than others. Results of this research show that the chosen cross section shape has a significant impact on the optimum truss weight for same geometry of truss type under the same circumstances of loading and supports.

Finite Element Analysis on the Blast Resistant Performance of Multibarrel Tube-Confined Concrete Column in Different Cross-Sections

2013 ◽  
Vol 721 ◽  
pp. 545-550
Author(s):  
Sai Wu ◽  
Jun Hai Zhao ◽  
Er Gang Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Detonation Wave ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Circular Cross Section ◽  
Blast Load ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Based on the finite element analysis software ANSYS/LS-DYNA, this paper numerically analyzed the dynamic performance of MTCCCs with different cross sections under blast load, followed by the study and comparison on the differences of the detonation wave propagation and failure modes between the columns in circular cross section and square cross section. The results show: The blast resistant performance of the circular component is more superior than the square component for its better aerodynamic shape that can greatly reduce the impact of the detonation wave on the column; The main difference of the failure modes between the circular and square cross-sectional components under blast load lies in the different failure mode of the outer steel tube. The simulation results in this paper can provide some references for the blast resisting design of MTCCCs.

Effects of Cross-Section Ovalization of Subsea Thin-Walled Bends Under In-Plane Bending

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranil Banneyake ◽  
Ayman Eltaher ◽  
Paul Jukes
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Straight Pipe ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Thin Walled ◽  
Plane Bending ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Impact

Ovalization of the cross-section of bends under in-plane bending (a.k.a. Brazier effect) is a known phenomenon caused by the longitudinal stress acting on the cross-section as the pipe bends. Besides its tendency to induce stresses in the bend above what is predicted using simple beam theory, excessive cross-section ovalization is particularly critical to subsea pipes, as it can lead to collapse of the pipe under external pressure. Also, being in a plastic regime may cause the bend material to ratchet and undergo excessive strains under cyclic operational loads, especially under high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) conditions. Ovalization normally results in local increase of stresses and could lead to failure of the bend before the bend globally reaches its limiting capacity. The offshore industry standards and design codes address the impact of initial ovality in straight pipes, but their applicability to bends is not clear. Therefore, this paper presents an investigation into the increased tendency of thin-walled bends to ovalize, and the effect of bend cross-section ovalization on their stiffness and yielding and collapse limit states, with emphasis on offshore applications. Due to the lack of analytical solutions for the bend response taking into account cross-section ovalization, finite element analysis (FEA) is used in this study. Predictions of the bend models are compared with those of straight pipe models and predictions of models of the bend made of beam elements (with pipe section) are compared with those of models made of brick /shell elements. The increased tendency of thin-walled bends to ovalize compared to straight pipes is investigated (e.g. 100 times in the linear range), and the impact and significance of ovalization in bends are assessed (e.g., stress increase of the order of 35% has been observed in some example situations). Also discussed in the paper is the selection of proper element specifications in order to accurately capture the ovalization response while keeping the computational cost manageable. Recommendations as to how to account for ovalization effects are presented. This paper helps to gain a better understanding of the response of subsea thin-walled bends under in-plane bending and their comparatively high tendency to ovalize compared to straight pipe, and emphasizes the significance of local effects such as cross-section ovalization, the overlooking of which may result in a significant underestimation of involved stresses and strains.

scholarly journals Challenges Faced While Designing Body in White

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Aditya Dhobale
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Safety Parameters ◽  
Body In White ◽  
White Sheet ◽  
Metal Design

Abstract: Construction of Body in White (BiW) revolves around plenty of challenges. Ranging from BiW fixtures to curbing weight of Body in White sheet metal design. This paper discusses about all the design aspects in BiW manufacturing in automobile and confronting challenges that occurs. At present, lots of existing theories are being applied and efforts to improve the same are being made. This paper provides a path on how components can be developed and make necessary improvements. CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) tools have been used for FEA (Finite Element Analysis) and also an example of stress analysis of automotive chassis is given. An outcome depending on behaviour of loads acting on frame is drawn. The importance of hollow tubes, tubes of different- cross sections to counter weight and ease the designing of BiW frame have been proposed. This paper also provides insight on safety parameters with current construction of tubular frame chassis. Other solutions such as hybrid tubes, foam padding and plastic trim have been pointed out in this paper. Keywords: CAE, FEA, manufacturing, loads, tubes, cycle-time, cross-section.

scholarly journals Calculation of harmonic losses and ampacity in low-voltage power cables when used for feeding large LED lighting loads

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Milardovich ◽  
L. Prevosto ◽  
M. A. Lara
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
High Harmonic ◽  
Frequency Domain Analysis ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Lighting Loads ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Phase Conductors ◽  
High Level

A numerical investigation on the harmonic disturbances in low-voltage cables feeding large LED loads is reported. A frequency domain analysis on several commercially-available LEDs was performed to investigate the signature of the harmonic current injected into the power system. Four-core cables and four single-core cable arrangements (three phases and neutral) of small, medium, and large conductor cross sections, with the neutral conductor cross section approximately equal to the half of the phase conductors, were examined. The cables were modelled by using electromagnetic finite-element analysis software. High harmonic power losses (up to 2.5 times the value corresponding to an undistorted current of the same rms value of the first harmonic of the LED current) were found. A generalized ampacity model was employed for re-rating the cables. It was found that the cross section of the neutral conductor plays an important role in the derating of the cable ampacity due to the presence of a high-level of triplen harmonics in the distorted current. The ampacity of the cables should be derated by about 40 %, almost independent of the conductor cross sections. The calculation have shown that an incoming widespread use of LED lamps in lighting could create significant additional harmonic losses in the supplying low-voltage lines, and thus more severely harmonic emission limits should be defined for LED lamps.

scholarly journals Analysis of cold formed steel sheet pile for earth retaining wall

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Veena ◽  
S Saravanan ◽  
Robin Davis P. ◽  
Nandakumar Gopalan
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Failure Load ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Bending Stress ◽  
Sheet Pile ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Cold Formed Steel

Failure loads of sheet pile having various profiles such as U, Z and Omega/Hat profiles under compression was carried out by using equations of strength of materials and compared the failure load under various modes such as Euler’s buckling, torsional buckling and failure load due to yielding. Compared the strength of various profiles under flexure by using finite element analysis. Sheet pile can be analyzed as a unit cell for the simplified finite element analysis. For selecting the unit cell sheet pile with omega/Hat section was analyzed for profile containing one to eight numbers and checked the convergence of bending stress and maximum lateral deflection. Interlocks were analyzed for three different conditions such as plane interlock, interlock filled with bitumen and welded interlock. Location of interlock and neutral axis of the wall will affect the stability of the structure. Sheet piles with various cross sections were analyzed and studied the shear stress and bending stress along the cross section. From the structural performance of various cross sections omega/hat section can be considered as the most efficient cross section for the cold formed steel sheet pile because of its more load carrying capacity under compression and high torsion resistance and less bending stress. Results from the finite element analysis for the selection of unit cell shows that the stress and deflection value was converge at the sheet pile having 6 numbers of profiles. Keywords: sheet piles, building, resistance.

Optimized Design of Energy Absorption Construction of ROPS

2013 ◽  
Vol 738 ◽  
pp. 208-211
Author(s):  
Su Li Feng ◽  
Qiu Ju Zhang ◽  
Zhi Gang Tian ◽  
Sen Lin
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Energy Absorption ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Multiple Objective ◽  
Deformation Pattern ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Thin Walled

This article addresses design of ROPS model with energy absorption structure based on dimensions of cross section, characteristics of force and deformation pattern of ROPS. Optimum design parameters have been obtained from optimized analysis of multiple-objective structural crashworthiness of thin-walled straight square tube subject to deformation due to pore defect using a combination of finite element analysis, design of experiment, response surface methodology and generic algorithm.

Implementation of Fast Searching Method for the Cross-Section Usage in HTGR Simulators

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Auve ◽  
Chunlin Wei ◽  
Zhe Sui ◽  
Jun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Target Position ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Target Point ◽  
Dimension Space ◽  
Searching Method ◽  
Fast Searching

The modular High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) is one of the six generation IV advanced nuclear reactors. With the final purpose of operator training and licensing, the engineering simulation system (ESS) has been studied to model the pebble-bed type reactor core and has been successfully implemented into the full scope simulator of HTR-PM. As stated in corresponding industrial standards, one important feature of the nuclear power plant simulator is real-time calculation, and the other one is simulation results with high fidelity (compared to design parameters or operational data in different stages). In ESS, each macro cross-section was in the form of polynomial by function of several variables (like burn-up, buckling, temperatures), the expression of which was finalized by multivariate regression analysis from large scattered database generated by the VSOP. Since the polynomial is explicit and prepared in advance, the macro cross-sections are quickly calculated in running ESS. However, some variables (such as temperature) in HTGR are in larger scope so that the polynomial is not easy to meet full range accuracy. One normal idea is to optimize the expression of polynomial, while another means was proposed and tested in present paper. Other than focusing on the polynomials, a new method, called the fast searching, was described to significantly improve the accuracy of macro cross-section calculation while it was also fast to maintain the real-time feature. Instead of setting up a regression polynomial from the large cross-section database, the fast searching method treated the database as scatted points in the multi-dimension space, and aimed to locate the target position of unknown macro cross-section by fast searching and interpolating. Searching was to find the neighbouring database points around the target point in the multi-dimension space, which naturally improved the accuracy. While interpolating was to predict the macro cross-section of target point based on those neighbouring database points. To keep the searching and interpolating fast, the original database of macro cross-sections was analysed. A series of searching and interpolating methods have been described, programmed, tested and compared to find appropriate methods to calculate all the macro cross-sections in limited time cost. Finally, the fast searching method and its program was implemented into ESS to show better performances.

Finite Element Analysis of Pump Casing for Triplex Plunger Pump Based on Abaqus

2011 ◽  
Vol 337 ◽  
pp. 219-224
Author(s):  
Xia He ◽  
Chong Jun Huang ◽  
Qing You Liu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Jia Yu Tian
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Maximum Stress ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Plunger Pump ◽  
Design Improvement ◽  
Programming Software ◽  
Crankshaft Rotation ◽  
Abaqus Software ◽  
Load Conditions

The force of pump casing for triplex plunger was very complex, as well as the loads varied with the angle of crankshaft rotation. Using VB programming software obtained the load of pump casing anywhere, then 3D models of pump casing of triplex plunger pump have been created by utilizing Pro/E, and strength calculation of the pump casing was analyzed by utilizing Abaqus software in six different load conditions. The results indicated that the dangerous cross section and the stress distribution have been found and the maximum stress of the pump casing was 297.3 MPa, which was less than the limit of yielding strength but met the overall strength of pump casing. This research was significant for the reliability evaluation and the design improvement of the pump casing.

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