Pipeline Repair of Corrosion and Dents: A Comparison of Composite Repairs and Steel Sleeves

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Alexander ◽  
Brent Vyvial ◽  
Fred Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Failure Strain ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Strain Gages ◽  
Pressure Loading ◽  
Specific Interest ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Repair Systems ◽  
Composite Repairs

When pipeline repairs are made on high pressure onshore transmission pipelines, in modern times repairs typically involve steel sleeves or composite repair systems. A comprehensive testing program was conducted to evaluate the repair of severe corrosion and dents using composite materials, as well as Type A and B steel sleeves. Full-scale destructive testing was performed including cyclic pressure loading and burst testing. Along with testing to failure, strain gages installed beneath the repairs were used to quantify the level of reinforcement provided by the respective repair systems. In this seminal body of work, operators are given information that provides a direct comparison between these competing repair technologies. The fundamental objective in testing was to determine the service life of the competing repair technologies, although of specific interest in this study was an effort to qualify the relative performance of the composite repairs and steel sleeves. The authors also utilized the test results to quantify the service lives of the repaired anomalies based on the operating conditions of actual pipeline systems.

Advanced Techniques for Establishing Long-Term Performance of Composite Repair Systems

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Alexander
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Repair System ◽  
Composite Repair ◽  
Design Life ◽  
Repair Systems ◽  
Long Term Performance ◽  
Term Performance ◽  
Composite Repairs

Although composite materials are used to repair and reinforce a variety of anomalies in high pressure transmission gas and liquid pipelines, there continues to be widespread debate regarding what constitutes a long-term composite repair. The United States regulations require that composite repairs must be able to permanently restore the serviceability of the repaired pipeline, while in contrast the Canadian regulations take a more prescriptive approach by integrating the ASME PCC-2 and ISO 24817 composite repair standards along with a requirement for establishing a 50-year design life. In this paper the author provides a framework for what should be considered in qualifying a composite repair system for long-term performance by focusing on the critical technical aspects associated with a sound composite repair. The presentation includes a discussion on establishing an appropriate composite design stress using the existing standards, using full-scale testing to ensure that stresses in the repair do not exceed the designated composite design stresses, and guidance for operators in how to properly integrate their pipeline operating conditions to establish a design life. By implementing the recommendations presented in this paper, operators will be equipped with a resource for objectively evaluating the composite repair systems used to repair their pipeline systems.

Evaluating Anchor Impact Damage to the Subsea Canyon Chief Pipeline Using Analysis and Full-Scale Testing Methods

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Alexander ◽  
Alexander Aalders ◽  
William Bath ◽  
Brent Vyvial ◽  
Rhett Dotson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Damage ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Strain Gages ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Inspection Data ◽  
Testing Work

This paper presents findings from a study conducted as part of a joint industry effort involving engineers from Williams Midstream, Stress Engineering Services, Inc., GL Noble Denton, and Saipem America. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the severity of damage inflicted to Williams’ subsea 18-inch × 0.875-inch, Grade X60 Canyon Chief Gas Export Pipeline due to an anchor impact at a water depth of 2,300 feet. The phases of work included an initial assessment after the damage to the deepwater pipeline was detected, evaluating localized damage via finite element analysis based using in-line inspection data, full-scale destructive testing including burst tests, and final efforts included the design and evaluation of a subsea-deployed repair sleeve. The study included modeling Saipem’s repair sleeve design accompanied by full-scale destructive testing. Strain gages were used to measure strain in the reinforced dent beneath the sleeve, that were then compared to prior results for the unrepaired dent test results. The work associated with this study represents one of the more comprehensive efforts conducted to date in evaluating damage to a subsea pipeline. The results of the analysis and testing work provided Williams with a solid understanding on the behavior on the damage inflected to the pipeline and what level of performance can be expected from the repaired pipeline during future operation. After the engineering analysis and testing phases of this work were completed, the deepwater pipeline was repaired.

Stress Analysis of Pipelines With Composite Repairs

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz C. M. Meniconi ◽  
Jose´ L. F. Freire ◽  
Ronaldo D. Vieira ◽  
Jorge L. C. Diniz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Results ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Pressure Loading ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Composite ◽  
Reinforced Composite ◽  
Repair Systems ◽  
Composite Repairs ◽  
Design Pressure

The repair of corroded pipelines with fiber reinforced composite materials is a well-developed practice in the oil and gas transportation industry. Laboratory hydrostatic burst tests and field practice of several years have shown that these repairs are effective for pipelines with external corrosion defects. This paper deals with laboratory tests carried out to compare the behavior of fiber reinforced composite repairs applied to defects machined in pipeline test specimens. The experimental results were compared to results from Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the tubes tested. The parameters of FEA were calibrated to this specific problem, beforehand. Some hipotheses were tested during FEA trials to better explain the experimental results. The results indicated that, up to the starting of yielding of the pipe defected region, practically only the elastic pipe stresses equilibrate the pressure loading, due to the steel high Young modulus. After yielding, the composite material starts to work, carrying an important part of the pressure loading increments. Experimental results also showed that the repair systems tested allowed the pipes to achieve the original design pressure before bursting. However, only one of the repair systems was approved in all strength verification tests for both internal and external defects. This system operated for four hours under a hydrostatic pressure test associated to the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of the steel and was also able to support ten pressure cycles of the design pressure afterwards, without showing any visual damage.

Hysteresis loss of ultra-large off-the-road tire rubber compounds based on operating conditions at mine sites

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110155
Author(s):  
Shaosen Ma ◽  
Guangping Huang ◽  
Khaled Obaia ◽  
Soon Won Moon ◽  
Wei Victor Liu
Keyword(s):  
Large Strain ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Hysteresis Loss ◽  
Strain Rates ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Mine Sites

The objective of this study is to investigate the hysteresis loss of ultra-large off-the-road (OTR) tire rubber compounds based on typical operating conditions at mine sites. Cyclic tensile tests were conducted on tread and sidewall compounds at six strain levels ranging from 10% to 100%, eight strain rates from 10% to 500% s−1 and 14 rubber temperatures from −30°C to 100°C. The test results showed that a large strain level (e.g. 100%) increased the hysteresis loss of tire rubber compounds considerably. Hysteresis loss of tire rubber compounds increased with a rise of strain rates, and the increasing rates became greater at large strain levels (e.g. 100%). Moreover, a rise of rubber temperatures caused a decrease in hysteresis loss; however, the decrease became less significant when the rubber temperatures were above 10°C. Compared with tread compounds, sidewall compounds showed greater hysteresis loss values and more rapid increases in hysteresis loss with the rising strain rate.

scholarly journals Methodology for Selecting the Operating Conditions of a Vibration Generator Used in the Hot-Dip Galvanizing Process

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2042
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kacalak ◽  
Igor Maciejewski ◽  
Dariusz Lipiński ◽  
Błażej Bałasz
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Asynchronous Motor ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Forced Simulation

A simulation model and the results of experimental tests of a vibration generator in applications for the hot-dip galvanizing process are presented. The parameters of the work of the asynchronous motor forcing the system vibrations were determined, as well as the degree of unbalance enabling the vibrations of galvanized elements weighing up to 500 kg to be forced. Simulation and experimental tests of the designed and then constructed vibration generator were carried out at different intensities of the unbalanced rotating mass of the motor. Based on the obtained test results, the generator operating conditions were determined at which the highest values of the amplitude of vibrations transmitted through the suspension system to the galvanized elements were obtained.

A Self-Correcting and Self-Checking Gas Turbine Meter

1982 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Z. Lee ◽  
D. C. Blakeslee ◽  
R. V. White
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Exit Angle ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Main Rotor ◽  
Calibration Accuracy

A new metering concept of a self-correcting and self-checking turbine meter is described in which a sensor rotor downstream from the main rotor senses and responds to changes in the exit angle of the fluid leaving the main rotor. The output from the sensor rotor is then electronically combined with the output from the main rotor to produce an adjusted output which automatically and continuously corrects to original meter calibration accuracy. This takes place despite changes in retarding torques, bearing wear and/or upstream conditions occurring in field operations over those which were experienced during calibration. The ratio of the sensor rotor output to the main rotor output at operating conditions is also automatically and continuously compared with that at calibration conditions. This provides an indication of the amount of accuracy deviation from initial calibration that is being corrected by the sensor rotor. This concept is studied theoretically and experimentally. Both the theory and test results (laboratory and field) confirm the concept’s validity and practicability.

Experimental and Theoretical Rotordynamic Characteristics of a Hybrid Journal Bearing

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Sawicki ◽  
R. J. Capaldi ◽  
M. L. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Journal Bearing ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Force ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Lubrication Equation ◽  
Load Cells ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Stiffness And Damping

This paper describes an experimental and theoretical investigation of a four-pocket, oil-fed, orifice-compensated hydrostatic bearing including the hybrid effects of journal rotation. The test apparatus incorporates a double-spool-shaft spindle which permits independent control over the journal spin speed and the frequency of an adjustable-magnitude circular orbit, for both forward and backward whirling. This configuration yields data that enables determination of the full linear anisotropic rotordynamic model. The dynamic force measurements were made simultaneously with two independent systems, one with piezoelectric load cells and the other with strain gage load cells. Theoretical predictions are made for the same configuration and operating conditions as the test matrix using a finite-difference solver of Reynolds lubrication equation. The computational results agree well with test results, theoretical predictions of stiffness and damping coefficients are typically within thirty percent of the experimental results.

scholarly journals THE MAIN TEST RESULTS OF THE MI-2MSB HELICOPTER EQUIPPED WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM OF SMALL ARMS AND SERIES-PRODUCED SYSTEM OF UNGUIDED MISSILE ARMAMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
A. Berezniak ◽  
Т. Dudnik ◽  
O. Zakutko
Keyword(s):  
Experimental System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Flight Crew ◽  
Small Arms ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Actual Volume ◽  
Type C ◽  
Missile System

The summarized results of special tests of the Mi-2MSB helicopter equipped with the experimental system of 12,7 mm small arms (as a part with series-produced machine guns NSVT-12,7) and the serial system of unguided missile armament (NAR type C-8) are presented. The actual volume of assessments of inspections and work performed during the tests is given. According to the results of processing the test materials, it was determined that the tactical range of the Mi-2MSB helicopter with the installed weapons system and boxes for collecting spent units (in the design provided for testing) at a takeoff mass of 3700 kg, at an altitude of not more than 300 m during combat mission in the area of the target for 5 minutes and the remaining fuel on the landing of 100 liters is (not less): version of combat equipment 2 × B8V8MSB (payload - 16 NAR) - 190 km; version of combat equipment 2 × NSVT-12.7 (payload - 600 rounds) - 200 km; version of combat equipment 2 × B8V8MSB + 2 × NSVT-12.7 (payload - 16 NAR and 600 rounds) - 155 The results of special tests practically showed that the Mi-2MSB helicopter, equipped with an aviation weapon system, in addition to the functional tasks defined for the basic Mi-2MSB helicopter, is able to provide: training and maintenance of skills for flight crew in the practical application of unguided aviation weapons and gun armaments in all types of maneuvering, defined by the tactics of army aviation; accomplishment of certain tasks on air support of columns of troops on the march and fire missions on destruction of enemy manpower, single unarmored and lightly armored targets such as car, armored personnel carrier, infantry fighting vehicle, boat, The main combat and functional capabilities in the actual operating conditions confirmed by the results of special tests as well as their validation of specified requirements make it possible (after eliminating the shortcomings identified in the test), to allow operation of Mi-2MSB helicopter in the entire operating range of heights and speeds equipped with aircraft weapons as part of the unguided missile system (NAR type C-8) and small arms system (as part of the series-produced machine guns NSVT-12.7)).

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