Investigation and Assessment of Low-Frequency ERW Seam Imperfections by EMAT and CMFL ILI

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kania ◽  
Ralf Weber ◽  
Stefan Klein
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Service Failures ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Defect Assessment ◽  
Acoustic Transducer ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Pipeline Failure ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
Flux Leakage

The occurrence of low-frequency Electric Resistance Welded (LF-ERW) or Electric Flash Welded (EFW) line pipe imperfections has been the root cause of many integrity management initiatives to minimize and mitigate the risk of pipeline failure across the oil & gas pipeline industry. Since their first appearance in the 1920s, defects in or near the LF-ERW and EFW seam repeatedly lead to either hydrostatic test or in-service failures. Where in the past In-Line Inspection (ILI) technologies might have experienced limitations in addressing vintage ERW line pipe defects, modern smart ILI technologies show enhanced capabilities. High resolution Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) and Circumferential Magnetic Flux Leakage (CMFL) ILI technologies have advanced in the recent years enabling more challenging inspections. This paper summarizes the inspection results of 22″ ERW line pipe defects detected and reported by EMAT and CMFL. Correlation of ILI and manual NDE data enables evaluation of current ILI capabilities and improvement of current defect assessment methods.

Integration of Multiple ILI Technologies for Robust Understanding of Unique Anomalies on a Pipeline

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Shie ◽  
Andrew Lutz ◽  
Paul Taverna
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Magnetic Flux Leakage ◽  
Electric Resistance ◽  
Seamless Pipe ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Flux Leakage

Abstract Pipeline operators have many choices when selecting inline inspection (ILI) vendors and technologies. No single technology has a one hundred percent probability of detection, identification, and sizing for all anomaly types. Operators must match the threats on their system to the existing capabilities of the ILI technologies to achieve the goals defined by the company’s integrity management program. It is sometimes necessary to run multiple technologies to effectively assess all threats in a pipeline. Multiple technologies may be run during the same timeframe or they may be run at different times during the life of the pipeline to meet program goals. Shell Pipeline Company, LP (SPLC) has a pipeline that is comprised of low frequency electric resistance welded (LFERW) pipe from Youngstown Sheet and Tube, seamless pipe from National Tube, double submerged arc welded (DSAW) pipe from Kaiser, and high frequency electric resistance welded (HF-ERW) pipe. The LF-ERW pipe was installed in 1948 while the HF-ERW was installed during relatively recent replacement projects. The DSAW pipe was installed in 1952 with the seamless pipe being installed in both 1948 and 1952. From 2015 through 2018, SPLC executed an extensive integrity management program. This included: an axial magnetic flux leakage (AMFL) inspection, two circumferential magnetic flux leakage (CMFL) inspections, two deformation inspections, an electro-magnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) inspection, an ultrasonic crack detection (UTCD) inspection, an ultrasonic wall measurement (UTWM) inspection, and a hydrotest. A dig campaign of nearly 100 excavations was completed as a result of these surveys. One of the focuses of the paper will be the comparison of EMAT to UTCD for Likely Cracks, Possible Cracks and Unlikely Cracks that have been field verified. This paper also shares some of the unique anomalies found through the dig campaign identifying the effectiveness of each technology and their combination for integrity purposes. The paper shows the benefits of combining ILI technologies to properly characterize, assess and mitigate reported anomalies and ensure there are no blind spots in the integrity management program. Case studies including dent with gouge (e.g. AMFL + Deformation), manufacturing, and cracking anomalies as well as the analytics of ILI versus field findings are presented and discussed in the paper. The paper concludes with the knowledge creation resulting from multiple ILI technology integration assisted with subject matter expert experience and analytics to provide a robust understanding of unique anomalies in pipelines.

Undermatching and Low Strain In-Service Failures in X70 Line Pipe: Contributions From Standards, Specifications and Coating

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Barbaro ◽  
Leigh Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Service Failures ◽  
Pipeline Networks ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pipeline Failure ◽  
Girth Welds

Abstract Some 10 incidents of low strain in-service and pre-service hydrotest failures in girth welds have been reported in North America since the Enterprise Products ethane pipeline failure in 2015. No such failures have been reported in Australia, despite the similarities in Standards, the line pipe data, and the use of manual SMAW using fully cellulosic procedures. There are however significant differences that warrant further investigation and adoption in terms of best practice to ensure the security and safety of our pipeline networks. Some unique differences and observations in terms of pipe properties, weld qualification procedures, test methods and even full scale pressure burst tests before and after coating are described to highlight subtle differences in the standards that may provide clarity in explaining pipeline girth weld failures and it is anticipated may also provide guidance for the future.

A New ILI Tool for Metal Loss Inspection of Gas Pipelines Using a Combination of Ultrasound, Eddy Current and MFL

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Willems ◽  
Beate Jaskolla ◽  
Thorsten Sickinger ◽  
Alfred Barbian ◽  
Frank Niese
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Current ◽  
Pipe Wall ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Ultrasonic Signals ◽  
Defect Assessment ◽  
Acoustic Transducer ◽  
First Results ◽  
Electro Magnetic

The two prevailing technologies in in-line inspection (ILI) of pipelines used for metal loss detection are magnetic flux leakage (MFL) and ultrasonic testing (UT). The ultrasonic method provides a more precise depth sizing as a direct measurement of the remaining thickness of the pipe wall is obtained. The advantage of providing more precise defect data leads, in turn, to a more accurate and reliable defect assessment thus reducing follow-up costs for the pipeline operator. As conventional ultrasonic tools, which are based on piezoelectric transducers, require a liquid coupling medium to couple the ultrasonic energy into the pipe wall, this technology is readily applicable to the majority of liquids pipelines, but not to gas pipelines (unless a batch of liquid is used). In order to apply ultrasonic ILI technology for metal loss inspection to gas pipelines directly, a new tool was developed based on the EMAT (electro-magnetic acoustic transducer) principle by which ultrasound is generated in the surface of the pipe wall through electromagnetic interaction. EMAT sensors utilize coils for sending and receiving ultrasound. Since coils can also be used to pick up MFL signals and eddy current signals, the sensors were designed such that, apart from the ultrasonic signals, these additional signals are recorded simultaneously. The availability of three simultaneous, independent measurements allows for considerable improvement with regard to both defect sizing and feature discrimination. In the paper, the new sensor concept and the setup of the ILI tool are described. First results are presented and discussed.

Validation of EMAT ILI for Management of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Natural Gas Pipelines

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby Fore ◽  
Stefan Klein ◽  
Chris Yoxall ◽  
Stan Cone
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Corrosion Cracking ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Electro Magnetic

Managing the threat of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) in natural gas pipelines continues to be an area of focus for many operating companies with potentially susceptible pipelines. This paper describes the validation process of the high-resolution Electro-Magnetic Acoustical Transducer (EMAT) In-Line Inspection (ILI) technology for detection of SCC prior to scheduled pressure tests of inspected line pipe valve sections. The validation of the EMAT technology covered the application of high-resolution EMAT ILI and determining the Probability Of Detection (POD) and Identification (POI). The ILI verification process is in accordance to a API 1163 Level 3 validation. It is described in detail for 30″ and 36″ pipeline segments. Both segments are known to have an SCC history. Correlation of EMAT ILI calls to manual non-destructive measurements and destructively tested SCC samples lead to a comprehensive understanding of the capabilities of the EMAT technology and the associated process for managing the SCC threat. Based on the data gathered, the dimensional tool tolerances in terms of length and depth are derived.

Development of Pinhole Corrosion Management Using MFL

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Desjardins ◽  
Joel Falk ◽  
Vitaly Vorontsov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux Leakage ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Physical Measurement ◽  
Reporting Accuracy ◽  
Magnetic Modeling ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Modeling Software ◽  
Measurement Methodology ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Flux Leakage

While In-line Inspection Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) tools have been used for many years to successfully manage corrosion related threats, small pinhole-sized metal-loss anomalies remain a significant concern to pipeline operators. These anomalies can grow undetected to develop leaks and cause significant consequences. The physical dimensions of these anomalies, their proximity to and/or interaction with other nearby anomalies can challenge MFL’s detection and sizing capabilities. Other factors such as tool speed, cleanliness of the line and incorrect assumptions have an impact as well. For pipeline operators to develop effective and efficient mitigation programs and to estimate risks to an asset, the underlying uncertainties in detection and sizing of pinholes need to be well understood. By using magnetic modeling software, the MFL response of metal-loss anomalies can be determined, and the effect of a number of factors such as radial position, wall thickness, depth profile, pipe cleanliness and tool speed on MFL response and reporting accuracy can be determined. This paper investigates these factors to determine the leading causes of uncertainties involved in the detection and sizing of pinhole corrosion. The understanding of these uncertainties should lead to improvements in integrity management of pinhole for pipeline operators. This paper first investigates the physical measurement methodology of MFL tools to understand the limitations of MFL technology. Then, comparisons of actual MFL data with field excavation results were studied, to understand the limitations of specific MFL technologies. Finally, recommendations are made on how to better use and assess MFL results.

The Effect of Electromagnetic Vibration on the Structure Control of A356 Alloy

2007 ◽  
Vol 539-543 ◽  
pp. 329-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Pyung Choi ◽  
Tae Woon Nam ◽  
Eui Pak Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Structural Control ◽  
Eutectic Silicon ◽  
A356 Alloy ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Structure Control ◽  
Electromagnetic Vibration ◽  
Fine Fiber ◽  
Electro Magnetic

The structural control of A356 alloy, which was not studied among various electromagnetic processing of materials, was considered applying the alternating current and direct current magnetic flux density. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of electromagnetic vibration on the macro and microstructure of A356 alloy in order to develop a new process of structural control in A356 alloy. When the electromagnetic vibration is conducted for changing the shape of primary aluminum, at low frequency (≤60Hz), the shape of dendrite is changed speroidal shape. When the electromagnetic vibration is conducted for changing the shape of eutectic silicon, a morphological change of the eutectic silicon from coarse platelet flakes to fine fiber shape is observed with EMV (Electro Magnetic Vibration) process at high frequency (≥500Hz).

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY C-CORE MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGES FOR BONE TUMOR WITH INDUCTION HEATING BY USING MULTI-COIL

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Metharak Jokpudsa ◽  
Supawat Kotchapradit ◽  
Chanchai Thongsopa ◽  
Thanaset Thosdeekoraphat
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Frequency Magnetic Field ◽  
High Frequency Magnetic Field ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Flux Leakage

High-frequency magnetic field has been developed pervasively. The induction of heat from the magnetic field can help to treat tumor tissue to a certain extent. Normally, treatment by the low-frequency magnetic field needed to be combined with magnetic substances. To assist in the induction of magnetic fields and reduce flux leakage. However, there are studies that have found that high frequencies can cause heat to tumor tissue. In this paper present, a new magnetic application will focus on the analysis of the high-frequency magnetic nickel core with multi-coil. In order to focus the heat energy using a high-frequency magnetic field into the tumor tissue. The magnetic coil was excited by 915 MHz signal and the combination of tissues used are muscle, bone, and tumor. The magnetic power on the heating predicted by the analytical model, the power loss density (2.98e-6 w/m3) was analyzed using the CST microwave studio.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document