IWEX: New Horizons for Pipeline Girth-Weld AUT Inspection

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels Portzgen ◽  
Xavier Deleye ◽  
Vincent Gaffard ◽  
Jan van der Ent ◽  
Jasper Schouten
Keyword(s):  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Seismic Exploration ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Reliability Sensitivity ◽  
Readiness Level ◽  
Thickness Variations ◽  
Girth Welds

AUT inspections of pipeline girth-welds are increasingly performed in the context of strain or fatigue sensitive applications (such as arctic, deepwater or ultra deepwater applications) with increased O&G companies’ requirements in terms of reliability, sensitivity and accuracy. Commonly used ultrasonic girth weld solutions (based on the Zone Discrimination Technique) exhibits some weaknesses and limitations. The performance of the inspection (probability of detection “PoD” and sizing accuracy) strongly depends on geometric and metallurgical properties such as: - wall thickness variations, - UT probes positioning (as a result of band and scanner positioning), - surface conditions, - flaw type and orientation - pipe to pipe alignment - Geometry information (cap and root profiles) cannot effectively be extracted from AUT scans and defects interaction rules are very difficult to apply. To reach a high confidence level in AUT inspection PoD and sizing accuracy, extensive and time consuming qualification programs as well as project specific qualification tests are carried out. By way of consequence, from an operating O&G Company point of view, there is a strong interest to promote the development of new inspection methods with lower sensitivity to equipment settings and less operator dependency and possibly reduced qualification requirements. Inverse Wave Field Extrapolation (IWEX) is an image reconstruction process from UT propagated waves that, until now, was mainly used in seismic exploration. Recently, APPLUS RTD has pushed forward the technology to make it applicable to pipeline girth-weld inspection not only for onshore applications but also for an offshore lay barge context (e.g. with high productivity requirements). In this paper, the weaknesses of the zone discrimination technique are first described and the areas where IWEX should bring improvements are highlighted. The IWEX technology is then described and an IWEX technology qualification route, matching both expectations of an AUT solutions provider and an O&G Operating company, is proposed. The results of the qualification tests performed so far (including tests on defective welds) are detailed and the technology readiness level is discussed. Recommendations for next qualification and operational steps are given.

Integration of Welding, NDT, Mechanical Testing and Field Control When Using an ECA Flaw Acceptance Criteria in Pipeline Construction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfang Lu ◽  
Bob Huntley ◽  
Luke Ludwig ◽  
Axel Aulin ◽  
Andy Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Testing ◽  
Gas Metal Arc Welding ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Acceptance Criteria ◽  
Pipeline Construction ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Metal Arc Welding ◽  
Field Control ◽  
Girth Welds

The fracture mechanics based engineering critical assessment (ECA) method has been accepted as a fitness for service (FFS) approach to defining weld flaw acceptance criteria for pipeline girth welds. Mechanized gas metal arc welding (GMAW) processes are commonly used in cross country pipeline girth weld welding because of the advantages in good quality and high productivity. With the technical advancements of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques, automated ultrasonic testing (AUT) has greatly improved flaw characterization, sizing and probability of detection during weld inspection. Alternative weld flaw acceptance criteria are permitted in pipeline construction code to assess the acceptability of mechanized girth welds using an ECA. The use of an ECA based weld flaw acceptance criteria can significantly reduce the construction cost. Mechanized girth weld acceptance criteria have been progressively transitioned from workmanship standards into using fitness for service based ECAs. To successfully deliver an ECA on a pipeline project, a multidisciplinary approach must be taken during the welding design and construction stages. Welding, NDT, mechanical testing and field control are all integral elements of pipeline construction. All these four elements have to be fully integrated in order to implement the ECA and achieve the overall integrity of a pipeline. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of the integration of these four elements necessary for proper implementation of the ECA weld flaw acceptance criteria.

The Analysis and Realization of PDCP AM Transmission Mode in LTE System

2014 ◽  
Vol 513-517 ◽  
pp. 2526-2529
Author(s):  
De Ming Zhang ◽  
Hai Tao Guo ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Data Transmission ◽  
Memory Management ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Resource Control ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Radio Resource ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Packet Data ◽  
Local Angle

According to 3GPP latest standards, we give specific analysis of the AM (confirmed) mode data transmission process and the process of the function in this article, then we focusing on how to design and achieve PDCP(Packet Data Convergence Protocol ) confirmation mode based on the practical application . Including system design, primitive design and memory management, as well as what need to do during the boot. Confirmation mode is truly play its role in the reconstruction process, we elaborate the reconstruction process details of the reconstruction process from the point of view of RRC (Radio Resource Control) global angle and the the PDCP local angle . The program was fully proven to meet the requirements of the LTE system.

The Issue of Car Body Manufacture in Unibody Aluminum Alloy Design

2018 ◽  
Vol 880 ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
Gabriela Monica Pană ◽  
Laura Diana Grigorie
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Steel Sheet ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Future Issue ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Aluminum Sheets ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
Design Options

Weight reduction is the present and future issue in the automotive industry. The use of aluminum for bodywork is a growing solution due to the specific properties and the recyclability it offers. The unibody design concept with high productivity is developed for steel sheet metal car bodies. They can also be made with aluminum sheets with different product shapes (sheets, extrusions, castings etc.). The aluminum offers a wide variety of design options. The most important difference between aluminum and steel models is the predominant joining technique. In order to obtain optimal solutions from a technical and economical point of view, it is necessary to apply aluminum design concepts and correspondingly adapted manufacturing technologies.

scholarly journals Value-Focused Thinking Model to Evaluate SHM System Alternatives From Military end User Requirements Point of View

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Klimaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Current Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Technology Readiness ◽  
End User ◽  
Cost Performance ◽  
Technology Readiness Level ◽  
Value Focused Thinking ◽  
Readiness Level ◽  
Fbg Sensors

Abstract The article describes Value-Focused Thinking (VFT) model developed in order to evaluate various alternatives for implementation of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system on a military aircraft. Four SHM system alternatives are considered based on: visual inspection (current approach), piezoelectric (PZT) sensors, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors and Comparative Vacuum Monitoring (CVM) sensors. A numerical example is shown to illustrate the model capability. Sensitivity analyses are performed on values such as Cost, Performance, Aircraft Availability and Technology Readiness Level in order to examine influence of these values on overall value of structural state of awareness provided by particular SHM system alternative.

scholarly journals Dual fluidized bed based technologies for carbon dioxide reduction — example hot metal production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Müller ◽  
Lara Theiss ◽  
Benjamin Fleiß ◽  
Martin Hammerschmid ◽  
Josef Fuchs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hot Metal ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Technological Readiness ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Readiness Level ◽  
Dual Fluidized Bed ◽  
Natural Gas Demand

Abstract The present work describes the results achieved during a study aiming at the full replacement of the natural gas demand of an integrated hot metal production. This work implements a novel approach using a biomass gasification plant combined with an electrolysis unit to substitute the present natural gas demand of an integrated hot metal production. Therefore, a simulation platform, including mathematical models for all relevant process units, enabling the calculation of all relevant mass and energy balances was created. As a result, the calculations show that a natural gas demand of about 385 MW can be replaced and an additional 100 MW hydrogen-rich reducing gas can be produced by the use of 132 MW of biomass together with 571 MW electricity produced from renewable energy. The results achieved indicate that a full replacement of the natural gas demand would be possible from a technological point of view. At the same time, the technological readiness level of available electrolysis units shows that a production at such a large scale has not been demonstrated yet.

scholarly journals The comparative yield of large-herb plants when growing in the Middle Urals

2021 ◽  
Vol 214 (11) ◽  
pp. 2-7
Author(s):  
Viktor Valdayskih ◽  
Elena Artem'eva ◽  
Mihail Karpuhin ◽  
R. Mihalischev
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Herbaceous Plants ◽  
Middle Urals ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to isolate species of annual and perennial herbaceous plants that are promising for the tasks of accelerating the sequestration of atmospheric carbon, resistant to local soil and climatic conditions and having high productivity from the collection fund of the botanical garden of the Ural Federal University. Methods. The article presents data on the productivity of four types of herbaceous plants: Amaranthus caudatus L., Amaranthus cruentus L., Polygonum weyrichii F. Schmidt and Echinops sphaerocephalus L., grown in the botanical garden. All the research objects were grown under the same conditions. Productivity was measured at the beginning of September. The data were processed using standard statistical methods. Results. It was revealed that the plants P. weyrichii is the most productive in terms of both fresh and dry yield. The yield of the P. weyrichii increases in years with sufficiently high moisture content. Aridity and high summer temperatures have a negative impact on the growth of the P. weyrichii. Amaranths gain a large aboveground mass due to their belonging to the group with the C4 type of photosynthesis. High summer temperatures have a positive effect on the growth and development of amaranths, while correlations with the amount of precipitation are statistically insignificant. The plants E. sphaerocephalus showed average values for productivity and requires further study. It is recommended to grow the plants P. weyrichii in a sufficiently humid area. Amaranth, being a drought-resistant plant, is highly productive in any years, especially in years with the value of the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) less than 1.0. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the features of the cultivation of the studied crops are considered not only for forage purposes but also from the point of view of atmospheric carbon deposition and cultivation on potential carbon farms in the changing climate of the region.

scholarly journals Empirical analysis of the content of psychological competencies of active sales managers

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Surenskaya ◽  
A. G. Ilyukhin
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sales Manager ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Sales Managers ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
New Research

Introduction. The subject of this article is the analysis of the requirements for the psychological properties of active sales managers from the point of view of the competence approach. It is assumed that the interaction of working conditions in the organization and the psychological properties of a professional, as well as the requirements for them from the tasks performed, generate a certain set of psychological competencies necessary for the productive activity of an active sales manager. The complex nature of human-to-human activities, as well as the need to perform organizational, intellectual, communicative and coordination tasks, forms a system of requirements for the psychological competencies of representatives of this profession, compliance with which increases the productivity of a professional. The article presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the requirements for an active sales manager from the point of view of psychological competencies.Materials and Methods. Empirical research method - standardized self-reports with Likert scales, correlation and factor analysis.Results. Six main groups of required competencies are identified: value competence, regulatory competence, motivational competence, special competence, communication competence, strategic competence. It is assumed that the balanced development of these groups of competencies in accordance with the requirements of the profession of an active sales manager ensures high productivity of a specialist and his psychological well-being.Discussion and Conclusions. At the end of the article, the results obtained are evaluated from the point of view of their applicability in the training of specialists in key positions of sales departments, new research directions are outlined that allow for a more systematic study of the psychological competence of active sales managers, and it is also concluded that the content of psychological competencies should be taken into account when building educational programs for future sales managers.

scholarly journals RESEARCH OF MOTORCYCLE BRAKING PARAMETERS / MOTOCIKLO STABDYMO EFEKTYVUMO TYRIMAS

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-525
Author(s):  
Loreta Levulytė ◽  
Valdemaras Venckus ◽  
Robertas Robertas ◽  
Tomas Levulis
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Front Wheel ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
Time Motor

From a technical point of view, in dangerous or emergency situation is very important motorcycle driver reaction and vehicle braking time. Motor-cycle deceleration parameters depend not only on the motorcycle brake system, but also on the driving experience. A significant influence on decel-eration the motorcycle has aerodynamic parameters, pavement type and condition, as well as the technical condition of the motocycle, shock absorb-ers, tire type and their technical condition. This article provides an analysis of the motorcycle longitudinal deceleration, braking modes of the mo-torcycle on a dry asphalt road surface. Motorcycle stopping – deceleration – acceleration efficiency issue, stopping in different modes. First ana-lyzed the dynamics of a motorcycle deceleration braking only the front wheel, then braked front and rear wheels and complex – then braked the front and rear wheels at the same time. The goal of experimental study is to determine the influence of braking modes intense fir motorcycle brak-ing deceleration when braking on dry road pavement, at three different braking modes, and set the braking path of change. Motorcycle decelera-tion in the longitudinal direction is an important parameter for analysis traffic accidents, for accident reconstruction process and the examination of motorcyclists technical possibility to avoid an accident. Pavojingoje ar avarinėje situacijoje techniniu požiūriu labai svarbus yra optimalus transporto priemonės stabdymas laiku. Motociklo lėtėjimo parametrai priklauso ne tik nuo motociklo stabdžių sistemos, bet ir nuo vairuotojo patirties. Didelę įtaką motociklo lėtėjimui turi aerodinaminiai parametrai, kelio dangos tipas ir būklė, taip pat motociklo techninė būklė, amortizatorių, padangų tipas ir jų techninė būklė. Šiame straipsnyje pateikiama motociklo išilginio lėtėjimo analizė, stabdant motociklą ant sausos asfalto kelio dangos. Motociklo stabdymo – lėtėjimo – pagreičio efektyvumas nagrinėjamas, stabdant skirtingais režimais. Pirmiausia analizuojama motociklo lėtėjimo dinamika stabdant tik priekinį ratą, paskui priekinį ir galinį ratus bei stabdant kompleksiškai – priekinį ir galinį ratus. Eksperimentinio tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti, kokią įtaką turi stabdymo režimai intensyviai stabdomo motociklo lėtėjimui stabdant ant sausos kelio dangos, trimis skirtingais stabdymo režimais ir nustatyti stabdymo kelio pokytį. Motociklo lėtėjimo pagreitis išilgine kryptimi yra svarbus eismo įvykių analizei parametras atkuriant eismo įvykio eigą ir nagrinėjant motociklo vairuotojo techninę galimybę išvengti eismo įvykio.

scholarly journals Increasing the performance of a system by changing reliability

2021 ◽  
Vol 343 ◽  
pp. 05007
Author(s):  
Claudiu Babiş ◽  
Andrei Dimitrescu ◽  
Ana Maria Alecusan ◽  
Marcela Babiş
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control ◽  
High Degree

The evaluation of the performance of a mechanical system takes into account many factors, including those related to competitiveness, technology and reliability. From the point of view of competitiveness, most companies use the same state-of-the-art information obtained either by applying their own research, development and innovation resources, or by purchasing technologies and patents from other companies or from the free market. Thus the resulting products, if not innovative products, are part of the same range. The global technological level has reached a very high degree of development, using unconventional technologies with high precision, robots, advanced mechanical systems and assembly lines with high productivity as well as verification and control systems on manufacturing flow which makes production to be uniform. Differences between manufacturers begin to appear when the degree of customer satisfaction changes, which is also found in the concept of reliability. Thus, the one who will find the technological solution with the same number of parts, but with a high reliability, will win the market. The paper aims at a detailed study with direct reference to how to increase reliability at the design stage.

Utredning av autismespekterforstyrrelser i BUP – hvor godt samsvar er det mellom instrumenter og endelig klinisk diagnose?

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Jørgen Berntsen ◽  
◽  
Beate Ørbeck ◽  
Kristin Romvig Øvergaard ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Acceptable Accuracy ◽  
Reliability Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Autism Diagnostic Observation

Background: The Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview (3Di) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2) may be useful when assessing autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the accuracy of the Norwegian 3Di is not known. Method: We investigated the classification accuracy of the 3Di and the ADOS-2 in identifying clinically diagnosed ASD in 130 participants (mean age 11 years). Results: We found acceptable accuracy in identifying ASD with both the 3Di and ADOS-2 (sensitivities/specificities > 70 %), and highest accuracy (positive likelihood ratio = 17.12) when combining the two instruments, but this gave lower sensitivity (54 %). Conclusions: The 3Di is useful when assessing ASD, and most accurate when combined with information from the ADOS-2. Clinicians should be aware that some children with ASD may be missed by requiring endorsement from both instruments. Keywords: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, inter-rater reliability, sensitivity, specificity, Developmental, Dimensional and Diagnostic Interview

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