Track Record of In-Line Inspection as a Means of ERW Seam Assessment in Response to NTSB Recommendation P-09-1, Arising From the Carmichael, MS Rupture

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Kiefner ◽  
J. B. Nestleroth ◽  
J. A. Beavers ◽  
C. J. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Bond Line ◽  
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Metallurgical Investigation ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Detection Technology ◽  
Line Region ◽  
Acoustic Transducer

The track record of in-line inspection crack detection technology with respect to locating and characterizing seam defects in electric-resistance-welded (ERW) pipe was examined on the basis of 13 tool runs on 741 miles of hazardous liquid and natural gas pipelines. Results for three types of tools were examined: (ultrasonic angle beam, circumferential magnetic flux, and electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). The methods for validating the locations, types, and sizes of anomalies included in-the-ditch NDE (UT and MT), and removal of pipe for metallurgical investigation and/or burst testing. The work indicates that in-the-ditch NDE is not always reliable for confirming the ILI findings. The metallographic examinations and burst tests sometimes confirmed the ILI findings, but in other cases, they revealed defects did not compare well in size with the anomalies indicated by the ILI or the in-the-ditch NDE. In some cases, anomalies that caused failures in burst tests had not been identified by the ILI. Because the toughness of the bond line region may differ significantly from that of adjacent material, predictions of failure pressure based on ILI-indicated dimensions using a single toughness level are unreliable. It is concluded that significant improvements in ILI crack-detection technologies will be needed in order for pipeline operators to be able to have adequate confidence in the ERW seam integrity of a pipeline inspected by means of an ILI crack-detection tool. It is also concluded that significant improvements of in-the-ditch NDE methods are needed for such methods to be considered a reliable means of validating ERW seam anomalies found by ILI. These results should not discourage the use of technologies for ERW seam integrity assessment. The tools clearly are useful for finding and eliminating some seam defects. Only by continuing to use and develop the tools can pipeline operators expect to see the technologies improve to the point where operators can have a high degree of confidence in the ERW seam integrity of an inspected pipeline.

Estimating Toughness for LF and DC Welded ERW Seams

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kiefner ◽  
Michael Rosenfeld ◽  
Peter Veloo ◽  
Troy Rovella
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Bond Line ◽  
Large Database ◽  
Manufacturing Defects ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Level Of Confidence ◽  
Line Region ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Pipe Materials

Abstract ERW pipe materials, particularly those manufactured prior to 1970, have exhibited higher rates of failures from seam manufacturing defects than other types of pipe materials. Typically, the seam bond line regions of low-frequency (LF) and direct-current (DC) welded ERW pipe materials exhibit poor resistance to manufacturing defects. The toughness of the bond line region is difficult to determine, and it is likely to vary from one piece of pipe to another. Pipeline operators must address the risk of ERW seam failures as part of their integrity management plans, but it is unlikely that they will know the toughness levels in the seams of their pipelines comprised of such materials. To avoid having to know the toughness levels in the seams, a pipeline operator can utilize a hydrostatic test to verify the integrity of a vintage ERW pipeline, but there are disadvantages the main one being that the pipeline must be taken out of service. Most likely an operator will choose to use an ILI crack tool to locate ERW seam anomalies to avoid having to take the pipeline out of service. Even if the seam defects can be located, correctly sized, and classified, however, the operator may have no idea of the effective toughness that is the key to deciding whether or not a given crack has to be excavated and repaired. Presented herein are two options for improving the effectiveness of an ILI integrity assessment of a pipeline with low toughness ERW seams. • Option 1 involves assuming a conservative level of toughness. Some such levels are available in the publicly available documents. Data from a large database of ERW seam failures are used to show the effectiveness of a fixed level of toughness at identifying critical defects while minimizing unnecessary digs. • Option 2 consists of first: back-calculating the toughness levels associated with the known crack sizes and failure pressures of the defects in the database of ERW seam failures, and second: calculating the probability that each type of defect would have been correctly identified at a particular level of confidence using a particular level of toughness. Using either of these options, a pipeline operator can improve the effectiveness of an ILI-crack-tool integrity assessment of a pipeline comprised of LF or DC welded ERW seams by reducing the number of unnecessary excavations while still being able to find the critical defects with an acceptable level of confidence.

A Case Study on Potential SCC Management Using 10-Inch EMAT ILI

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Henderson ◽  
Jeff Ector ◽  
Mike Kirkwood
Keyword(s):  
Crack Detection ◽  
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Critical Crack ◽  
Multiple Datasets ◽  
Environmentally Assisted Cracking ◽  
Acoustic Transducer ◽  
Crack Type ◽  
The 1960S

Environmentally assisted cracking (EAC), more specifically, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has been a pipeline integrity concern since the 1960s. However, there were not many options for pipeline operators to effectively manage this threat on gas and liquid pipelines. SCC and other crack type defects have become a threat which is more widely understood and can be appropriately managed through in-line inspection (ILI). The two primary technologies for crack detection, developed in the 1990s and early 2000s respectively, are ultrasonic (UT) and electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). Although EMAT was originally developed to find SCC on gas pipelines, it has proven equally valuable for crack inspections on liquid pipelines. A case study with a gas and natural gas liquid (NGL) operator, ONEOK Inc. (ONEOK) demonstrates the effectiveness of using EMAT ILI to evaluate the potential threat of crack and crack-like defects on a 48 mile (77.2 km), liquid butane pipeline. By utilizing both 10-inch (254 mm) multiple datasets (MDS) technology and 10-inch (254 mm) EMAT ILI tools, ONEOK proved the effectiveness of ILI to identify critical and sub-critical crack and crack-like defects on their pipeline. This paper will present on the findings from the two technologies and illustrate the approaches taken by the operator to mitigate crack type defects on this pipeline.

Mechanical Properties of Secondary Wall and Compound Corner Middle Lamella near the Phenol-Formaldehyde (PF) Adhesive Bond Line Measured by Nanoindentation

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 1746-1751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Liang ◽  
Guan Ben Du ◽  
Omid Hosseinaei ◽  
Si Qun Wang ◽  
Hui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Adhesive Bond ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Bond Line ◽  
Line Region ◽  
Penetration Behavior

To find out the penetration of PF into the wood cell wall and its effects onthe mechanical properties in the cellular level, the elastic modulus and hardness of secondary wall (S2layer) and compound corner middle lamella (CCML) near PF bond line region were determined by nanoindentation. Compare to the reference cell walls (unaffected by PF), PF penetration into the wood tissues showed improved elastic modulus and hardness. And the mechanical properties decreased slowly with the increasing the distance from the bond line, which are attributed to the effects of PF penetration into S2layer and CCML. The reduced elastic modulus variations were from18.8 to 14.4 GPa for S2layer, and from10.1 to 7.65 GPa for CCML. The hardness was from 0.67 to 0.52 GPa for S2layer, and from 0.65 to 0.52 GPa for CCML. In each test viewpoint place, the average hardness of CCML was almost as high as that of S2layer, but the reduced elastic modulus was about 50% less than that of S2layer. But the increase ratio of mechanical properties was close. All the results showed PF penetrates into the CCML. The penetration behavior and penetration depth from bond line were similar in both S2layer and CCML.

scholarly journals Submillimeter Crack Detection Technology of Eggs Based on Improved Light Source

2021 ◽  
Vol 697 (1) ◽  
pp. 012018
Author(s):  
Haokang Chen ◽  
Jia Ma ◽  
Qiangjian Zhuang ◽  
Shuaitongze Zhao ◽  
Yuanliang Xie
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Detection Technology
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document