Hydrogen Assisted Cracking Failures of Girth Welds in Oil and Gas Pipelines

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Amend ◽  
G. T. Quickel ◽  
W. A. Bruce ◽  
J. A. Beavers
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Hydrogen Cracking ◽  
Oil And Gas Pipelines ◽  
Hydrogen Assisted Cracking ◽  
Cause Of Failure ◽  
New Construction ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Girth Welds

There are more than 2.5 million miles of oil and gas pipelines in the United States, totaling over 330 million girth welds below ground. During construction, girth welds are susceptible to the formation of various defects, one of which is hydrogen-assisted cracks. The synergistic impact of tensile stress, a susceptible microstructure, and atomic hydrogen can lead to hydrogen embrittlement and the formation of hydrogen cracks. This paper reviews hydrogen cracking of girth welds in carbon steel pipelines made during new construction and provides examples involving hydrogen cracking in which failure analysis techniques were used to establish the metallurgical cause of failure.

Statistical Analyses of Incidents on Oil and Gas Pipelines Based on Comparing Different Pipeline Incident Databases

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Shan ◽  
Jian Shuai
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Qualitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Oil And Gas Pipelines ◽  
Pipeline Systems

Pipelines are regarded as one of the most practical and economical modes for transporting dangerous and combustible substances, such as oil and gas. However, the use of historical failure data in qualitative risk assessment of oil and gas pipelines is unusual due to lack of data or incomplete information. The pipeline incident database (PID) provides valuable information for researchers to identify potential threats of oil and gas pipeline systems, and catty out effective risk assessment. In this study, pipeline failure statistics such as pipeline classifications, incident definitions, failure causes and failure frequencies from the United States, Canada, Europe and United Kingdom are compared. Failure frequency of oil and gas pipelines for different kinds of primary failure causes are estimated from the statistical analysis of the mileage, pipe-related incident, and failure cause data collected by each PID. Although above-mentioned databases are established by pipeline operators in developed countries, the statistical analyses of incidents on oil and gas pipelines based on comparing different pipeline incident databases can benefit the quantitative risk assessment of pipeline systems also in some developing countries where pipeline incident database haven’t been established.

Probabilistic Bow-Tie Model to Predict Failure Probability of Oil and Gas Pipelines

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laya Parvizsedghy ◽  
Tarek Zayed
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Oil And Gas Pipelines ◽  
Potential Failure ◽  
Serious Injuries ◽  
Bow Tie

According to the 2013 Report Card, oil and gas pipelines of the United States of America are in poor condition. Pipelines are proved to be safer and more efficient than the other means of transportation of petroleum products. However, they have failed during their operation and sometimes their failures have caused catastrophic losses and serious injuries. Most of the pipelines are laid underground, thus their condition is very difficult to be evaluated. On the other hand, a comprehensive study of the previous works proves the lack of an integrated model on the failures of these pipelines. This paper aims to model the probability of failures based on the historical data on the incidents of oil and gas pipelines. After identification of the main sources of pipelines’ failures, historical data is used to build a Probabilistic Failures’ Bow-Tie Model for Oil and Gas Pipelines. The model will be able to recognize the potential failure sources of each pipeline and predict the probability of occurrence of the major hazards.

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