Application of Reliability Based Design and Assessment to Maintenance and Protection Decisions for Natural Gas Pipelines

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maher Nessim ◽  
Howard Yue ◽  
Joe Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Reliability Based Design ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Pipeline Failure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

This paper describes a detailed assessment that was carried out to investigate the practical implications of using the Reliability Based Design and Assessment (RBDA) methodology, as described in Annex O of CSA Z662, as a basis for evaluating existing pipelines and making decisions on maintenance planning and damage prevention strategies. Two key pipeline failure threats are addressed, namely corrosion and equipment impact. The assessment was based on a number of test cases covering a wide range of diameters, grades, pressures, location classes and corrosion severities. The reliability levels associated with these cases were calculated as a function of time and compared to the reliability targets. Cases that did not meet the targets were re-analyzed with increasingly enhanced maintenance measures until the targets were met. Maintenance actions considered included higher maintenance frequencies and more stringent repair criteria for corrosion, and enhancements to such parameters as right-of-way patrol frequency and condition, public awareness programs and dig notification response for equipment impact. The results demonstrate that the reliability targets can be met through the implementation of reasonable and practical maintenance measures for the cases considered. The impact of using RBDA on the expected failure rates is discussed. In addition, the diameter and class ranges of pipelines requiring enhanced maintenance over the current norm are identified.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF ENDOCRINE RESPONSE TO PERCEIVED DIFFERENCE IN CROSS-CULTURAL INTERACTIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Woolford-Hunt ◽  
Marlene Murray ◽  
Tevni Guerra ◽  
Kristina Beenken-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Endocrine Response ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Education Psychology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Do So ◽  
Cultural Interactions

We live in a world where awareness of ethnic and cultural diversity is an ever increasing reality. Business and education turn to the social sciences to inform them about how to manage and optimize cross-cultural interactions. Although much research has been done on the impact of cross-cultural interactions on a wide range of variables, one less researched area is the endocrine response to cross-cultural interactions. In this study we set out to investigate the endocrine response to cross cultural interactions and the impact of these interactions on perceived differences. To do so we measured the pre and post levels of the stress hormone cortisol of individuals communicating in dyads for 15 minutes. Results showed a significant impact of ethnic interaction on perceived differences and cortisol levels. Practical implications of these findings could have application in the areas of education, psychology, business and human relations in general. Implications for further research are discussed.

Numerical Analysis of Dilution Holes Deterioration Impacting the Performance of a V2500 Combustor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Konle ◽  
Ludovic de Guillebon ◽  
Lukas Schäflein
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Air Jets ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aero Engine ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Combustor Liner

Abstract In aero engine combustors, dilution air jets are used to additionally tailor the temperature field, the emissions, and the turbine inlet profile. These jets are entering the combustion chamber at different axial and circumferential locations through dedicated holes in the combustor liners. By deterioration, the diameters of these holes can significantly change over operation time. To evaluate the impact of such deterioration in the MRO context, the authors created a numerical model of a V2500 aero engine combustor and analyzed the impact. The data of dilution holes deterioration is based on the nominal design according the engine manual and the deviation measured for three engine combustors during maintenance inspection. The processes inside an aero engine combustor are very complex. To achieve most reliable information, a multi-physics approach was chosen for this evaluation. Validated in the past with a wide range of different academic test cases as well as industrial combustor test rigs, the evaluation allows conclusive analyses of the described deterioration. Back-to-back comparisons of individual variations reveals the most significant dilution holes row and give information about potential local shifts in combustor liner heat loads as well as in the exit profiles. Especially the distortion of the film cooling by the local interaction with the dilution jets could be observed. Since the deterioration of the dilution holes measured for the three combustors inspected is very small compared to the nominal design, the authors payed a lot of attention also on analyzing the model sensitivity. Increasing the spatial resolution, the plausibility of the numerical results were checked by analyzing the flow splits and the dilution jets penetration. The final step was the variation of the dilution holes individually and combined and the evaluation of resulting temperature distribution at the combustor liners and changes in the exit profile. Due to the fact that a multi-physics solver developed in the framework of OpenFOAM could be used, the authors could do these quite intensive CFD studies highly parallelized and, thus, in an acceptable time. The scalability of the solver reported already in former publications could be shown also in this application to the real engine combustor with a high level of complexity.

Probability Calculation of Equipment Impact Based on Reliability Method

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Lu ◽  
Wen Wu ◽  
Zhenyong Zhang ◽  
Jinyuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Fault Tree ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Impact Frequency ◽  
Dense Population ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Reliability Based Design ◽  
Probability Calculation ◽  
The Impact

In order to apply the Reliability Based Design and Assessment (RBDA) methodology to evaluate the equipment impact on the onshore natural gas transmission pipelines in China, a research project was undertaken by China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering Corporation (CPPE) based on the framework developed by C-FER Technologies (C-FER) in “Guidelines for Reliability Based Design and Assessment of Onshore Natural Gas Pipelines” (sponsored by PRCI). The objective of the project was to collect native data and calibrate the probability models[1] in order to make it suitable for the situations in China where there is dense population and many newly-built high pressure and large diameter pipelines. The equipment impact model consists of two components: a) the impact probability model which calculates the frequency of mechanical interference by excavation equipment; and b) the failure model which calculates the probability of failure in a given impact. A detailed survey was undertaken in 2012 in order to collect the data required to calculate the impact frequency and the load applied by an excavator to a pipeline. The survey data for impact frequency calculation was gathered based on 19,300km of transmission pipelines from 4 operating companies in China. They reflect current prevention practices and their effectiveness. The frequencies of basic events summarized in this survey used to calculate the probabilities of the fault tree are generally agreement with the data summarized in PRCI’s report. The impact frequencies calculated by the fault tree under typical prevention measures are 400%, 200%, 20% and 0% higher than that in PR-244-9910 report for class 1, class 2, class 3 and class 4 areas respectively, which is due to dense population and more construction activities. Bucket digging forces of 321 types of excavators from 20 manufacturers were gathered. The survey data of the forces are slightly higher than that in the PR-244-9729 report as a whole due to the increase in mechanical efficiency of excavators in recent years. The excavator maximum quasi-static load model was calibrated correspondingly. Equipment impact probability calculation and model sensitivity analysis results are described to present several characteristics of onshore transmission natural gas pipelines in China.

Reviews

1979 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-15 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Resource Center ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Rural Revitalization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Political Decision Making

These two works are the first major publications of the Anthropology Resource Center, a Cambridge based non-profit educational corporation calling itself a public interest anthropology research group. The organization's objectives are to increase public awareness and participation in political decision-making related to a wide range of contemporary problems. The first of these publications, The Geological Imperative, is a collection of four essays devoted primarily to the impact of multi-national corporations on Indian peoples in the Amazon region. The second paper, Rural Revitalization, is concerned with the social and environmental aspects of agricultural policy in the United States. Together these works are addressed to anthropologists as models for policy relevant research.

scholarly journals Impacts of Massive Earthquake 2015 AD on Coffee Production and Marketing in Western Hills of Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-119
Author(s):  
Arjun Prasad Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Coffee Production ◽  
Earthquake Preparedness ◽  
Infrastructure Design ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
New Codes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training ◽  
Quality Construction

This study was conducted in Gulmi and Palpa districts in western hills of Nepal in 2017 AD with the main objective  to assess the impacts of earthquake in coffee production and marketing. One hundred and sixty coffee producers were selected by a three- stage sampling procedure. In this study only 6.9 % of coffee producers had said that they had experienced  impacts of massive earthquake 2015 AD on coffee production and marketing. Among the coffee producers(6.9%) who said that they had experienced the impact of earthquake 2015 AD, majority (37%) of them said that they had suffered some minor (repairable) cracks in their houses and sheds while 27% of them had said that rate of drying of water sources is accelerated after earthquake leading to shortage water for drinking and irrrigating coffee fields. Since eathquake 2015AD had minor impacts on coffee production and marketing, pre earthquake preparedness like public awareness programs, quality construction practices, preparation of new codes and standards for infrastructure design and training coffee producers, entrepreneurs and other stakeholders should be done in the study area to cope with the unforeseen consequences of earthquake in future. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(1): 114-119

scholarly journals Zhong-Yong Thinking and Employees’ Behaviour at the Workplace: Setting a Research Agenda

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Binyao Ning ◽  
◽  
Rosmini Omar ◽  
Ye Ye ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
Business Context ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Innovative Behaviour ◽  
Workplace Setting ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

As the essence of traditional Chinese culture, Zhong-Yong is closely related to the psychology, behaviour, and life of Chinese people. Due to the advent of indigenous psychological research, several studies have explored Zhong-Yong thinking (ZYT) in recent decades, but such research is still in its infancy. Although some scholars have affirmed that the influence of ZYT on the Chinese people, the systematic synthesis of the impact of Zhong-Yong thinking on employee’s behaviour at the workplace is limited. Based on the established literature, this study offers a systematic review of 22 selected articles in the field by conducting a bibliometric analysis to categorise the three main clusters of innovative behaviour, voice behaviour, and employee performance. The findings of this study enable future researchers to gain a deeper understanding and enrich the field by offering a wide range of perspectives on the direction of research. Theoretical and practical implications for Asian business context are provided.

Limit States Design and Assessment of Onshore Pipelines

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maher Nessim
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Simple Design ◽  
Safety Factors ◽  
Limit States ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
Reliability Based Design ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Assessment Standard ◽  
Expected Outcomes

In 2005, guidelines for the application of reliability-based design and assessment (RBDA) to natural gas pipelines were developed under PRCI sponsorship. The methodology underlying these guidelines has since been adopted as a non-mandatory Annex in the CSA Z662 standard (Annex O). The benefits of reliability-based methods include consistent safety levels, optimized solutions that make best use of available resources and flexibility in addressing non-standard problems. The key limitations of the methodology are that it requires specialized expertise, good data and a significant analysis effort. One approach that has been successfully used to simplify the application of reliability-based methods is to develop simple design and assessment rules that are designed to meet specified safety levels. In this approach, which is referred to here as limit states design and assessment, the checking rules incorporate safety factors that are “calibrated” to meet pre-selected reliability targets, within a specified tolerance, over a wide range of possible design and assessment cases. Probabilistic analyses are performed as part of the development stage, but the resulting checks are deterministic. The basic elements required to calibrate limit states design and assessment checks have been developed as part of the RBDA methodology, making the development of a limit states approach feasible. This paper provides an overview of an ongoing Joint Industry Project to develop a limit states design and assessment standard that addresses the key threats to the safety of onshore pipelines. The benefits and limitations of this approach are discussed in comparison to the full RBDA approach, and the expected outcomes of the project are described.

scholarly journals Spontaneous concerns about risk and abuse reported by people with dementia and their carers

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Benbow ◽  
Paul Kingston
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Family Carers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to look at concerns about risk/abuse expressed spontaneously by people with dementia (PwD) and their carers in narratives describing their journeys with dementia. Design/methodology/approach A total of 35 narratives were elicited from PwD, carers of PwD and couples where one partner was living with dementia as part of a study on the impact of producing narratives on PwD and their carers. Participants were found to allude to risk/abuse, or specifically mention thoughts on risk and abuse in their narratives. A secondary analysis of the theme of risk/abuse is reported here. Findings Concerns about risk/exploitation were often expressed in the narratives, and covered a range of areas including driving, safety in the home, safety outdoors, falls, finances, risk to PwD from others, risk to others from PwD, potential or actual police incidents and neglect. Research limitations/implications The narratives were elicited as part of another project and participants were not asked directly about risk; themes reported here were brought up spontaneously by participants. Practical implications In relation to dementia a wide range of risk/abuse issues is of concern to PwD and their carers, including driving and financial vulnerabilities. PwD and carers are prepared to talk about risk/abuse when given an opportunity. It is important to investigate and understand experiences and concerns about risk/abuse if they are to be addressed in health and social care practice. Originality/value The narratives offer unique insights into the concerns of PwD and family carers.

Student employment and school-to-work transition: the Russian case

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fedor Dudyrev ◽  
Olga Romanova ◽  
Pavel Travkin
Keyword(s):  
School To Work ◽  
Student Employment ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Student Work ◽  
School To Work Transition ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Work Transition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThe paradigm of school-to-work transition is changing, with an increasing number of students combining work and study. Furthermore, there exists some mixed evidence for the impact of student employment on future earnings and employment likelihood. The purpose of the present paper is to examine additional evidence that would shed light on the pros and cons of student work as a function of its type (i.e. whether or not it matches the student's field of study). We also discuss practical implications for specialists who facilitate the transition of graduates to the job market.Design/methodology/approachThis is a quantitative study based on the National Statistical Survey of Graduate Employment (SGE) conducted by the Russian Federal State Statistic Service (Rosstat) in 2016. Statistical methods of data analysis were used (logistic regression, Mincer equations). The analysis is based on two dependent variables as follows: data on graduates' employment and their monthly earnings.FindingsWe show that student work is a predictor of higher employment chances for both university and vocational college graduates. Moreover, the highest employment chances are associated with student work that is well-matched to the field of study. As for earnings, the greatest returns are again associated with work related to education. Jobs unrelated to education significantly correlate with earnings only for university graduates.Research limitations/implicationsAn important limitation of the present research is that it estimates the effects of student employment over a rather short-term period by using data on employment just after graduation and only starting salaries. These findings evoke the need for further study of graduate competencies and the process of their acquisition.Practical implicationsOur findings suggest some directions for education development. The results can be used to analyze governmental and other stakeholders' initiatives in the field of vocational and higher education.Social implicationsThe research results can be used by a wide range of stakeholders interested in the employment of graduates as a source of data for designing measures for improving graduates' employability.Originality/valueOur study obtained data on the impact of student work on later employment. Tertiary graduates get returns from all work experience, while VET graduates earn more only if their student employment was consistent with their field of study.

Bird impacts on heritage buildings

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk H.R. Spennemann ◽  
Melissa Pike ◽  
Maggie J. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Feral Pigeons ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Heritage Buildings ◽  
Bird Impact ◽  
Physical Impact ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose There is much anecdotal evidence that birds and their droppings are a major problem for the heritage profession. The purpose of this paper is to examine how serious heritage practitioners consider the bird impact to be. Design/methodology/approach An online survey was conducted of 59 Australian heritage professionals of between one and >20 year’s experience in the field. Findings Bird impacts were not considered of major concern to buildings. The longer experience a practitioner had, the less likely the impacts were considered an issue. Feral pigeons were deemed the most problematic, followed by cockatoos, starlings, swallows, seagulls, mynas, sparrows, cormorants, ibis, ducks and birds of prey. The professionals ranked common deterrent methods. The highest-ranking deterrents were bird netting and bird spikes, but they were only considered moderately effective. The costs of installation and maintenance, as well the ease of installation, were all deemed significantly less important than the physical impact, the aesthetic sympathy and the effectiveness of a deterrent method. Practical implications This study indicates that the impact of birds on buildings in Australia may be of less concern than previously thought, and may be driven by other factors (i.e. aesthetics, commercial companies) rather than actual effects. Originality/value This is first study of its kind that surveyed the experiences of a wide range of heritage practitioners.

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