Fracture Control in Carbon Dioxide Pipelines: The Effect of Impurities

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cosham ◽  
Robert J. Eiber
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Saturation Pressure ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Effect Of Impurities ◽  
Fracture Control

The fourth report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change states that “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal...” It further states that there is a “very high confidence that the global average net effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warming.” One of the proposed technologies that may play a role in the transition to a low-carbon economy is carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). The widespread adoption of CCS will require the transportation of the CO2 from where it is captured to where it is to be stored. Pipelines can be expected to play a significant role in the required transportation infrastructure. The transportation of CO2 by long-distance transmission pipeline is established technology; there are examples of CO2 pipelines in USA, Europe and Africa. The required infrastructure for CCS may involve new pipelines and/or the change-of-use of existing pipelines from their current service to CO2 service. Fracture control is concerned with designing a pipeline with a high tolerance to defects introduced during manufacturing, construction and service; and preventing, or minimising the length of, long running fractures. The decompression characteristics of CO2 mean that CO2 pipelines may be more susceptible to long running fractures than hydrocarbon gas pipelines. Long running fractures in CO2 pipelines may be preventable by specifying a line pipe steel toughness that ensures that the ‘arrest pressure’ is greater than the ‘saturation pressure’ or by using mechanical crack arrestors. The preferred choice is control through steel toughness because it assures shorter fracture lengths. The ‘saturation pressure’ depends upon the operating temperature and pressure, and the composition of the fluid. ‘Captured’ CO2 may contain different types or proportions of impurities to ‘reservoir’ CO2. Impurities, such as hydrogen or methane, have a significant effect on the decompression characteristics of CO2, increasing the ‘saturation pressure’. The implication is that the presence of impurities means that a higher toughness is required for fracture arrest compared to that for pure CO2. The effect of impurities on the decompression characteristics of CO2 are investigated through the use of the BWRS equation of state. The results are compared with experimental data in the published literature. The implications for the development of a CCS transportation infrastructure are discussed.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Agricultural Residue Feedstock for Bioenergy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2009
Author(s):  
Valerii Havrysh ◽  
Antonina Kalinichenko ◽  
Anna Brzozowska ◽  
Jan Stebila
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Generation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Energy Inputs

The depletion of fossil fuels and climate change concerns are drivers for the development and expansion of bioenergy. Promoting biomass is vital to move civilization toward a low-carbon economy. To meet European Union targets, it is required to increase the use of agricultural residues (including straw) for power generation. Using agricultural residues without accounting for their energy consumed and carbon dioxide emissions distorts the energy and environmental balance, and their analysis is the purpose of this study. In this paper, a life cycle analysis method is applied. The allocation of carbon dioxide emissions and energy inputs in the crop production by allocating between a product (grain) and a byproduct (straw) is modeled. Selected crop yield and the residue-to-crop ratio impact on the above indicators are investigated. We reveal that straw formation can consume between 30% and 70% of the total energy inputs and, therefore, emits relative carbon dioxide emissions. For cereal crops, this energy can be up to 40% of the lower heating value of straw. Energy and environmental indicators of a straw return-to-field technology and straw power generation systems are examined.

Industrial Low-Carbon Economy in Hebei Province and Countermeasures Based on Driving Force State Response Algorithm

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-161
Author(s):  
Xie Jing ◽  
Xu Na ◽  
Zhang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Carbon Economy

Due to the increase in global carbon dioxide emissions, climate change, rising sea levels and other issues have become increasingly prominent. In the three major industries, industrial emissions of carbon dioxide accounted for the largest proportion of the total emissions. Developing a low-carbon economy, especially with regard to industrial low-carbon economy, has become the only way for Chinese society to achieve sustainable development. Building a scientific evaluation system of a low-carbon economy is an essential way to assess the level of regional industrial low-carbon economy comprehensively and correctly. In this paper, we establish the Hebei low-carbon economy Evaluation System based on DSR model, according to the industrial carbon economic development in Hebei Province, using factor analysis to obtain the main factors affecting the low-carbon economy in Hebei Province, establishing extended model, then propose measures for Hebei industrial low-carbon economic development.

Development of High Strength Material and Pipe Production Technology for Grade X120 Line Pipe

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Georg Hillenbrand ◽  
Andreas Liessem ◽  
Karin Biermann ◽  
Carl Justus Heckmann ◽  
Volker Schwinn
Keyword(s):  
High Strength Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Accelerated Cooling ◽  
Pipe Production ◽  
Production Test ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Line Pipe ◽  
Economic Point

The increasing demand for natural gas will further influence the type of its transportation in the future, both from the strategic and economic point of view. Long-distance pipelines are a safe and economic means to transport the gas from production sites to end users. High-strength steels in grade X80 are nowadays state of the art. Grade X100 was recently developed but not yet utilised. The present-day technical limitations on the production of X120 line pipe namely the steel composition, the pipe forming and the welding are addressed in this paper. Production test results on X120 pipes are presented to describe the materials properties. A low carbon and low PCM steel with VNbTiB microalloying concept is used. In the plate rolling the main attention is turned to the heavy accelerated cooling. The large spring back that occurs during the U-forming step of the UOE process is one of the most complex aspects in forming X120. To handle this aspect FEM calculations were used to modify the forming parameters and to optimise the shape of the U-press tool. For optimising the existing welding procedure with respect to an avoidance of HAZ softening, a low heat input welding technology and new welding consumables were developed.

Influencing Factors Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Emissions of Liaoning Power Consumption Based on Kaya Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 779-780 ◽  
pp. 1476-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang He Jiang ◽  
Wen Ru Zang ◽  
Lei Lei Hu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
Industry Investment

In order to achieve the carbon reduction targets committed by China, Liaoning Province must take the way of low-carbon economy. Based on the related Statistical Yearbook data, applying the IPCC carbon emissions equation and Kaya model, this paper analyses the influencing factors of the carbon dioxide emissions produced from the power consumption of Liaoning Province. and then put forward some suggestion on reducing carbon emissions. The results show that Liaoning Province can achieve the goal, but unit GDP CO2 emissions reduction is mainly due tothe investment expansion of the second industry and construction industry investment expansion. As a result, it puts forward some suggestions.

Preliminary Study on Low-Carbon Urban Development and Low-Carbon Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 1010-1012 ◽  
pp. 1854-1857
Author(s):  
Xiao Na Li ◽  
Yuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Carbon Consumption ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Development Methods ◽  
Carbon Economy

In advocating the principle of sustainable development, urban development calls for reducing the carbon dioxide emissions to promote low carbon economy. Low-carbon design is the foundation and effective method of low-carbon economy development. By analyzing the principles of low-carbon urban development, methods of low-carbon design were discussed so as to guide people's low carbon consumption and reduce carbon footprint. Low-carbon design process was proposed at last. In this way, the development of low-carbon urban could be carried out by starting from the source.

China City Industrial Structure Planning and Industry Trends of Low Carbon Economy

2012 ◽  
Vol 573-574 ◽  
pp. 977-983
Author(s):  
Yu Xing Chen ◽  
Hui Luo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Industrial Carbon ◽  
Industrial Energy ◽  
Carbon Economy

The article in had the selection based on industrial energy consumption, industrial energy intensity, industrial carbon dioxide emissions, industrial carbon dioxide Emissions intensity and industrial carbon productivity index analysis such as China's industrial economic development three stages of evolution characteristics of low carbon, and according to the 1985 ~ 2007 China work Industry economic data through the regression analysis forecast industry a low carbon economy future development tendency. The analysis results show that, from 1985 to 2007 years although energy consumption Quantity and industrial carbon emissions overall a growing trend, but the industrial strength of energy consumption declined, industrial carbon production ability enhancement, industrial energy intensity reducing to reduce co2 emissions larger contribution, based on this proposed to promote the development of China's industrial low carbon specific Suggestions.

scholarly journals Carbon dioxide pressure-induced coagulation of microalgae

2015 ◽  
Vol 373 (2057) ◽  
pp. 20150016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Lee ◽  
Philip G. Jessop ◽  
Pascale Champagne
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Economic Viability ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Mutual Benefit ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Pressure ◽  
Carbon Economy

The move to a low-carbon economy has generated renewed interest in microalgae for the production of biofuels with the potential mutual benefit of wastewater treatment. However, harvesting has been identified as a limiting factor to the economic viability of this process. This paper explores the harvesting of microalgae using high-pressure gas without the addition of coagulants. Coagulation of microalgae under high-pressure gas was found to be an efficient method to separate algae from suspension. The critical coagulation pressures (CCPs) for H 2 and CO 2 were determined to be 6.1 and 6.2 MPa, respectively. The CO 2 -induced decrease in solution pH positively influenced coagulation rates, without appearing to affect the CCP. This approach could be beneficial for the economic removal of microalgae from solution for the production of both biofuels and biomedical compounds without the addition of non-environmentally friendly chemicals.

scholarly journals An Analysis on the Coordination Development of Low-carbon Economy in Mongolia

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Nomin-Erdene Chimeddorj
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
High Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Economic Growth Model ◽  
Carbon Economy

Currently, the global economic growth model is based on the input of resources, especially the input of energy. Throughout the energy structures all over the world, mostly coal, oil, natural gas and other high-carbon fossil fuels, and those high-carbon fossil fuels have become the main source of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Economic growth and energy consumption, there should be causal relationship between economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions, the economic growth model can get rid of the fossil energy constraints, whereas carbon dioxide emissions can be disconnected from the economic growth, to cope with these problems facing the development of low-carbon economy in Mongolia. The research makes use of time-series model to test the causal relationship between economic growth and energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions as well as between energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.

Towards a continuous formic acid synthesis: a two-step carbon dioxide hydrogenation in flow

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 912-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Reymond ◽  
Juan José Corral-Pérez ◽  
Atsushi Urakawa ◽  
Philipp Rudolf von Rohr
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Storage Solutions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation ◽  
Carbon Economy

The need for long term, large-scale storage solutions to match surplus renewable energy with demand drives technological innovation towards a low-carbon economy.

The Macro-Industrial Layout Adjustment under the Low Carbon Perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 573-574 ◽  
pp. 938-941
Author(s):  
Zong Yao Lv
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Industrial Layout

The economy at a certain stage of development, due to the combined effect of the role, the economy will be gathered in a certain geographic area. As a whole Chinese economy show that southeast coast is developed and western undeveloped relatively, the manufacturing sector also has such characteristics of the distribution. The distribution of energy and mineral resources which manufacturing need, has the opposite geographic distribution, western regions are more affluent than in the coastal areas. From the low energy consumption, low emissions, low-carbon economy perspective to see, the industrial layout characteristics of long-distance separation from such raw materials and production sites due to agglomeration economies, which will increase the transport distance of products and raw materials, which is not conducive to the economic low-carbon development; there is a need for macroeconomic adjustment.

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