External Corrosion Control of Northern Pipelines

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Papavinasam ◽  
A. Doiron ◽  
T. Panneerselvam
Keyword(s):  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Corrosion Control ◽  
External Corrosion ◽  
One Year

Based on one-year laboratory experiments in which samples were exposed to temperatures as low as −45°C and two-year data from field experiments, it is concluded that Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standards CSA Z662, CSA Z245.20 and CSA Z245.21 adequately address evaluation of coatings for northern pipelines. However, in order to evaluate the effects of low temperatures, specimens should be exposed for at least four months. Coatings qualified by CSA Z245.21 (System B1 and B2) are less affected by exposure to low temperatures than those qualified by CSA Z245.21 (System A1) and CSA Z245.20. Corrosion potentials measured at lower temperatures are in the range of potentials to use the cathodic protection (CP) potential criteria of −0.85 V vs. copper-copper sulphate for northern pipelines.

Methodologies for Evaluating and Qualifying External Pipeline Coatings for Northern Pipelines

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Papavinasam ◽  
A. Doiron ◽  
T. Panneerselvam ◽  
Y. Lafrenie`re ◽  
M. Attard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
The North

The design of coatings must be adequate to protect pipelines under long-term, severe environmental conditions, including the extreme climatic conditions that will apply in the North before the pipe is installed and operation begins. Practices and standardised methodologies for evaluating and qualifying pipeline coatings for application in northern pipelines are discussed. Results from laboratory and field experiments, carried out under the conditions to which coatings will be exposed during construction, are presented. Based on 1-year laboratory experiments in which samples were exposed to temperatures as low as −45°C and limited data from the field experiments, it is concluded that Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standards CSA Z662, CSA Z245.20 and CSA Z245.21 adequately cover evaluation of coatings for northern pipelines. However, in order to evaluate the effects of low-temperatures, the specimens should be exposed for at least 4 months. Coatings qualified by CSA Z245.21 (System B1 and B2) are less affected from exposure to low-temperatures than those qualified by CSA Z245.21 (System A1) and CSA Z245.20.

scholarly journals 15N-Tracertechnik in der Pflanzenbauforschung

2001 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Heinz Peschke
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
15N Tracer ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
N Dynamics ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Term Trial ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Given

Issues of nitrogen are still of particular importance in crop sciences. 15N-tracer are used to identify the N dynamics in soils and the N transfer between soil and plant. This tool is also helpful in clarifying fertilization problems.This article points out the special requirements for the application of stable 15N-isotops in agri-chemical research. Designs and results of selected laboratory experiments, examples of one-year field experiments, and a 15N long-term trial are represented in detail. The given literature refers to detailed results of diverse 15N publications in the system soil – fertilizer – (animal) – crop.

Concentration of Impurities during Melting of Snow Made from Secondary Sewage Effluent

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Zapf-Gilje ◽  
S. O. Russell ◽  
D. S. Mavinic
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Potassium Chloride Solution ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Solution Field ◽  
Concentration Of Impurities

When snow is made from sewage effluent, the impurities become concentrated in the early melt leaving the later runoff relatively pure. This could provide a low cost method of separating nutrients from secondary sewage effluent. Laboratory experiments showed that the degree of concentration was largely independent of the number of melt freeze cycles or initial concentration of impurity in the snow. The first 20% of melt removed with it 65% of the phosphorus and 90% of the nitrogen from snow made from sewage effluent; and over 90% of potassium chloride from snow made from potassium chloride solution. Field experiments with a salt solution confirmed the laboratory results.

Herbicide Effects on Weed Control and Shoot Growth of Young Apple (Malus sylvestris) and Peach (Prunus persica) Trees

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 840-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester L. Foy ◽  
Susan B. Harrison ◽  
Harold L. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
One Year ◽  
Broadleaf Species ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Peach Trees

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Virginia to evaluate the following herbicides: alachlor, diphenamid, diuron, metolachlor, napropamide, norflurazon, oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, paraquat, pendimethalin, and simazine. One experiment involved newly-transplanted apple trees; the others, three in apple and one in peach trees, involved one-year-old trees. Treatments were applied in the spring (mid-April to early-May). Control of annual weed species was excellent with several treatments. A broader spectrum of weeds was controlled in several instances when the preemergence herbicides were used in combinations. Perennial species, particularly broadleaf species and johnsongrass, were released when annual species were suppressed by the herbicides. A rye cover crop in nontreated plots suppressed the growth of weeds. New shoot growth of newly-transplanted apple trees was increased with 3 of 20 herbicide treatments and scion circumference was increased with 11 of 20 herbicide treatments compared to the nontreated control. Growth of one-year-old apple trees was not affected. Scion circumference of one-year-old peach trees was increased with 25 of 33 herbicide treatments.

scholarly journals Interactions Between Chill-Hours and Degree-Days Affect Carpogenic Germination in Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Scherm ◽  
A. T. Savelle ◽  
P. L. Pusey
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Carpogenic Germination ◽  
Conditioning Period ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Heating Degree Days ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of cumulative chill-hours (hours with a mean temperature <7.2°C) and heating degree-days (base 7.2°C) to carpogenic germination of pseudosclerotia of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, which causes mummy berry disease of blueberry, was investigated. In two laboratory experiments, pseudosclerotia collected from rabbiteye blueberry in Georgia were conditioned at 5 to 6°C for 26 to 1,378 h prior to placement in conditions favorable for germination and apothecium development. The number of chill-hours accumulated during the conditioning period affected the subsequent proportion of pseudosclerotia that germinated and produced apothecia, with the greatest incidence of carpogenic germination occurring after intermediate levels of chilling (≈700 chill-hours). The minimum chilling requirement for germination and apothecium production was considerably lower than that reported previously for pseudo-sclerotia from highbush blueberry in northern production regions. The rate of carpogenic germination was strongly affected by interactions between the accumulation of chill-hours and degree-days during the conditioning and germination periods; pseudosclerotia exposed to prolonged chilling periods, once transferred to suitable conditions, germinated and produced apothecia more rapidly (after fewer degree-days had accumulated) than those exposed to shorter chilling periods. Thus, pseudosclerotia of M. vaccinii-corymbosi are adapted to germinate carpogenically following cold winters (high chill-hours, low degree-days) as well as warm winters (low chill-hours, high degree-days). Results were validated in a combined field-laboratory experiment in which pseudosclerotia that had received various levels of natural chilling were allowed to germinate in controlled conditions in the laboratory, and in two field experiments in which pseudosclerotia were exposed to natural chilling and germination conditions. A simple model describing the timing of apothecium emergence in relation to cumulative chill-hours and degree-days was developed based on the experiments. The model should be useful for better timing of field scouting programs for apothecia to aid in management of primary infection by M. vaccinii-corymbosi.

scholarly journals Planning MAR Schemes Using Physical Models: Comparison of Laboratory and Field Experiments

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 3652
Author(s):  
Jana Sallwey ◽  
Felix Barquero ◽  
Thomas Fichtner ◽  
Catalin Stefan
Keyword(s):  
Vadose Zone ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Managed Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Flow Processes ◽  
Models Comparison ◽  
Other Regarding

Infiltration experiments in the context of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) are often conducted to assess the processes influencing the operation of full-scale MAR schemes. For this, physical models such as laboratory experiments and, less often, field experiments are used to determine process specifics or operational parameters. Due to several assumptions, scale-related limitations, and differing boundary conditions, the upscaling of results from the physical models is not straightforward. Investigations often lead to over- or underestimations of flow processes that constrain the translation of results to field-like conditions. To understand the restrictions and potential of different physical models for MAR assessment, surface infiltration experiments in different scales and dimensions, which maintained the same operational parameters, were conducted. The results from the different setups were compared against each other regarding the reproduction water flow in the vadose zone and the influence of parameters such as soil type and climate. Results show that mostly qualitative statements can be made, whereas quantitative analysis through laboratory experiments is limited.

Seasonal distribution of dry-matter production in grass varieties from different latitudes in northern Europe

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. M. Hay
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seasonal Distribution ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Matter Production

Work in controlled conditions (Cooper, 1964; østgård & Eagles, 1971) has indicated that, under short photoperiods and low temperatures, Scandinavian grass varieties tend to grow more slowly than those from lower latitudes, and are, therefore, more resistant to cold and freezing stresses. This has been confirmed in field experiments (Håbjørg, 1979). These grasses would therefore be expected to cease growth earlier in the autumn when grown in the British Isles. However, this mechanism does not appear to operate under lengthening days; indeed, there is evidence to suggest that their growth is particularly stimulated by the combination of cool temperatures and long days (Cooper, 1964; Hay & Heide, 1983, 1984). This raises the possibility that varieties from Norway and Sweden could produce more dry matter than grasses of more southern provenance in the spring in upland areas, when low temperatures are associated with rapidly lengthening photoperiod (12·5–15 h) and moderate to high levels of irradiance (> 200 W/m2) (Hay, 1985).

Experiments in the control of Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. and Curt.) M.B. Ellis by fungicides

1962 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
BS Janes
Keyword(s):  
Liver Damage ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Cuprous Oxide ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Spore Production ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Copper Oxychloride ◽  
Facial Eczema

Fungicides were tested for their capacity to control Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. and Curt.), M. B. Ellis, the fungus causing a liver damage and facial eczema in sheep. The tests measured spore germination on filter paper and spore production on perennial ryegrass litter sprayed with the fungicides. In laboratory experiments the following fungicides showed promise : phenyl mercuric salicylanilide, captan, ziram, sodium orthophenyl phenate, thiram, salicylanilide, didlone, maneb, N-para tolyl dichloromaleimide, and a mixed difhiocarbamic acid oxidation product. Copper sulphate, copper oxychloride, and cuprous oxide were not promising. The first five chemicals, plus copper sulphate and copper oxychloride, were also tested in the glasshouse, and did not give control.

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