In-Line In-Situ Direct Measurement of Absolute Biaxial Stress in Pipelines

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Russell ◽  
David J. Buttle ◽  
John C. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Pipe Wall ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Biaxial Stress ◽  
Magnetic Response ◽  
Barkhausen Effect ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Wide Range

This paper reports on recent work on the in-situ determination of absolute levels of biaxial stress in ferromagnetic pipeline materials. The response of pipe-wall materials to an applied alternating magnetic field is measured, and knowledge of the variation of magnetic properties of the material used to determine stress values. A wide variety of means are in use to detect, characterize and measure an equally wide range of defects in pipelines. These may arise from pre-existing conditions, errors in construction, effects of corrosion, accidental damage or other causes. Caliper tools, mapping tools, MFL, EMAT and ultrasonic tools are all used to detect conditions that may result in unacceptable stress in a pipeline. The ultimate aim, for all of these detection techniques, is to prove that the inspected pipeline’s fitness for purpose is maintained; and where this is not demonstrated, to provide accurate and reliable information on which to base a rehabilitation program. Recently attention has been raised by a number of groups working on the development of techniques intended to utilize the dependence of the magnetic response of ferrous materials to applied stress in order to directly measure stress. Most of these techniques have been based on the Barkhausen effect. This paper discusses the use of an alternative technique based on other magnetic properties that have been shown to allow derivation of a quantifiable relation between the level of stress present in material and the magnetic response. This technique, named MAPS by its developers, ESR Technology, has been employed with considerable success out-with the pipeline industry. Recent work has concentrated on applications in dynamic situations, in particular in pig-mounted inspection systems. A series of tests are described with dynamic measurements made inside pipes, covering measurement of applied (bending) stresses and artificially simulated defects. Measurements are described at velocities up to 4 m/s in prototype systems at 24” diameter with stand-offs of 2mm and up. Magneto-dynamic effects from the motion of the sensors past the metal of the pipe-wall have been characterized and variations in signal due to the velocity and instrument stand-off are described. It is considered that this work forms the basis for a pipeline inspection technique using these instruments.

Pig-Mounted Experimental Measurement of In-Situ Absolute Biaxial Stress in Pipelines

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Allan ◽  
David A. Russell ◽  
David J. Buttle ◽  
Greg Baker ◽  
John C. McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Biaxial Stress ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Magnetic Response ◽  
Barkhausen Effect ◽  
Second Mode ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Bending Stresses ◽  
Recent Experimental Work

This paper describes recent experimental work on the measurement of absolute levels of biaxial stress in ferromagnetic pipeline materials. A prototype in-line inspection tool has been constructed and has subsequently undergone evaluation in a series of pigging trials to determine its accuracy in recording of stress values. Recently attention has been raised by a number of groups working on the development of techniques intended to utilize the dependence of the magnetic response of ferrous materials to applied stress in order to directly measure stress. Most of these techniques have been based on the Barkhausen effect. This paper discusses the use of an alternative technique based on other magnetic properties that have been shown to allow derivation of a quantifiable relation between the level of stress present in material and the magnetic response. This technique, named MAPS by its developers, MAPS Technology, has been employed with considerable success out-with the pipeline industry. An earlier paper described the technique used to make the measurements. The response of pipe-wall materials to an applied alternating magnetic field is measured, and knowledge of the variation of magnetic properties of the material used to determine stress values. In order to prove the suitability of this technique to pipeline applications, a prototype inspection pig has been designed and constructed, and a series of tests performed in a 24″ test facility, constructed specifically for the purpose. The test facility design allowed for two modes of operation. The first of these allowed pigging through the 50m of test pipe, with an arrangement that allowed bending stresses to be applied to the pipe. The second mode of operation enabled internal pressure to be applied as the tool was pulled through the test section. The pig based system successfully gathered stress measurements in both axial and hoop directions. The pig measurements were subsequently compared to theoretical values of stress and to measurements taken with strain gauges and other instrumentation fitted to the test facility.

In-Situ Techniques for Studying Epitaxially Grown Layers and Determining their Magnetic Properties

1989 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Heinrich ◽  
A. S. Arrott ◽  
J. F. Cochran ◽  
K. B. Urquhart ◽  
K. Myrtle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Surface Science ◽  
Easy Axis ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bcc Structure ◽  
Crystallographic Defects

ABSTRACTUltrathin films of bcc Fe (001) on Ag (001) and Fe/Ni (001) bilayers on Ag were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. A wide range of surface science tools (RHEED, REELFS, AES, and XPS) were employed to establish the quality of epitaxial growth. Ferromagnetic resonance and Brillouin light scattering were used to extract the magnetic properties. Emphasis was placed on the study of magnetic anisotropies. Large uniaxial anisotropies with the easy axis perpendicular to the film surface were observed in all ultrathin structures studied. In sufficiently thin samples the saturation magnetization was oriented perpendicular to the film surface in the absence of an applied field. It has been demonstrated that in bcc Fe films the uniaxial perpendicular anisotropy originates at the film interfaces. Fe/Ni bilayers were also investigated. Ni grows in the pure bcc structure for the first 3–6ML and then transforms to a new structure which exhibits unique magnetic properties. Transformed ultrathin bilayers possesses large in-plane 4th order anisotropies far surpassing those observed in bulk Fe and Ni. The large 4th order anisotropies originate in crystallographic defects formed during the Ni lattice transformation.

In-situ electrical-resistivity measurements in the high-voltage electron microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
W. E. King
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Resistivity Measurements ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage Electron ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Helium Gas

A side-entry type, helium-temperature specimen stage that has the capability of in-situ electrical-resistivity measurements has been designed and developed for use in the AEI-EM7 1200-kV electron microscope at Argonne National Laboratory. The electrical-resistivity measurements complement the high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM) to yield a unique opportunity to investigate defect production in metals by electron irradiation over a wide range of defect concentrations.A flow cryostat that uses helium gas as a coolant is employed to attain and maintain any specified temperature between 10 and 300 K. The helium gas coolant eliminates the vibrations that arise from boiling liquid helium and the temperature instabilities due to alternating heat-transfer mechanisms in the two-phase temperature regime (4.215 K). Figure 1 shows a schematic view of the liquid/gaseous helium transfer system. A liquid-gas mixture can be used for fast cooldown. The cold tip of the transfer tube is inserted coincident with the tilt axis of the specimen stage, and the end of the coolant flow tube is positioned without contact within the heat exchanger of the copper specimen block (Fig. 2).

Site specific agricultural soil management with the use of new technologies

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Digital Interface ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Variation ◽  
Soil Information ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques ◽  
Agricultural Areas

<p>The Soil Science Institute of Thessaloniki produces new digitized Soil Maps that provide a useful electronic database for the spatial representation of the soil variation within a region, based on in situ soil sampling, laboratory analyses, GIS techniques and plant nutrition mathematical models, coupled with the local land cadastre. The novelty of these studies is that local agronomists have immediate access to a wide range of soil information by clicking on a field parcel shown in this digital interface and, therefore, can suggest an appropriate treatment (e.g. liming, manure incorporation, desalination, application of proper type and quantity of fertilizer) depending on the field conditions and cultivated crops. A specific case study is presented in the current work with regards to the construction of the digitized Soil Map of the regional unit of Kastoria. The potential of this map can easily be realized by the fact that the mapping of the physicochemical properties of the soils in this region provided delineation zones for differential fertilization management. An experiment was also conducted using remote sensing techniques for the enhancement of the fertilization advisory software database, which is a component of the digitized map, and the optimization of nitrogen management in agricultural areas.</p>

Indium Bromide-catalyzed Unprecedented Hydrogenolysis: A Novel One-Pot Synthesis of Per-O-Acetylated β-carboxymethyl O and S-glycosides

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 900-908
Author(s):  
Ram Naresh Yadav ◽  
Amrendra K Singh ◽  
Bimal Banik
Keyword(s):  
Asymmetric Synthesis ◽  
Chiral Auxiliary ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Enantiomerically Pure ◽  
Stereoselective Glycosylation ◽  
One Pot Synthesis ◽  
Wide Range

Numerous O (oxa)- and S (thia)-glycosyl esters and their analogous glycosyl acids have been accomplished through stereoselective glycosylation of various peracetylated bromo sugar with benzyl glycolate using InBr3 as a glycosyl promotor followed by in situ hydrogenolysis of resulting glycosyl ester. A tandem glycosylating and hydrogenolytic activity of InBr3 has been successfully investigated in a one-pot procedure. The resulting synthetically valuable and virtually unexplored class of β-CMGL (glycosyl acids) could serve as an excellent potential chiral auxiliary in the asymmetric synthesis of a wide range of enantiomerically pure medicinally prevalent β-lactams and other bioactive molecules of diverse medicinal interest.

How Artefacts Do Leadership: A Ventriloquial Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 089331892199807
Author(s):  
Jonathan Clifton ◽  
Fernando Fachin ◽  
François Cooren
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Communication ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Distributed Leadership ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Human Actors

To date there has been little work that uses fine-grained interactional analyses of the in situ doing of leadership to make visible the role of non-human as well as human actants in this process. Using transcripts of naturally-occurring interaction as data, this study seeks to show how leadership is co-achieved by artefacts as an in-situ accomplishment. To do this we situate this study within recent work on distributed leadership and argue that it is not only distributed across human actors, but also across networks that include both human and non-human actors. Taking a discursive approach to leadership, we draw on Actor Network Theory and adopt a ventriloquial approach to sociomateriality as inspired by the Montreal School of organizational communication. Findings indicate that artefacts “do” leadership when a hybrid presence is made relevant to the interaction and when this presence provides authoritative grounds for influencing others to achieve the group’s goals.

scholarly journals A Generalization Performance Study Using Deep Learning Networks in Embedded Systems

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1031
Author(s):  
Joseba Gorospe ◽  
Rubén Mulero ◽  
Olatz Arbelaitz ◽  
Javier Muguerza ◽  
Miguel Ángel Antón
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Learning Networks ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Learning Architectures

Deep learning techniques are being increasingly used in the scientific community as a consequence of the high computational capacity of current systems and the increase in the amount of data available as a result of the digitalisation of society in general and the industrial world in particular. In addition, the immersion of the field of edge computing, which focuses on integrating artificial intelligence as close as possible to the client, makes it possible to implement systems that act in real time without the need to transfer all of the data to centralised servers. The combination of these two concepts can lead to systems with the capacity to make correct decisions and act based on them immediately and in situ. Despite this, the low capacity of embedded systems greatly hinders this integration, so the possibility of being able to integrate them into a wide range of micro-controllers can be a great advantage. This paper contributes with the generation of an environment based on Mbed OS and TensorFlow Lite to be embedded in any general purpose embedded system, allowing the introduction of deep learning architectures. The experiments herein prove that the proposed system is competitive if compared to other commercial systems.

scholarly journals Global soil moisture data derived through machine learning trained with in-situ measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sungmin O. ◽  
Rene Orth
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Soil Moisture Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Soil

AbstractWhile soil moisture information is essential for a wide range of hydrologic and climate applications, spatially-continuous soil moisture data is only available from satellite observations or model simulations. Here we present a global, long-term dataset of soil moisture derived through machine learning trained with in-situ measurements, SoMo.ml. We train a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model to extrapolate daily soil moisture dynamics in space and in time, based on in-situ data collected from more than 1,000 stations across the globe. SoMo.ml provides multi-layer soil moisture data (0–10 cm, 10–30 cm, and 30–50 cm) at 0.25° spatial and daily temporal resolution over the period 2000–2019. The performance of the resulting dataset is evaluated through cross validation and inter-comparison with existing soil moisture datasets. SoMo.ml performs especially well in terms of temporal dynamics, making it particularly useful for applications requiring time-varying soil moisture, such as anomaly detection and memory analyses. SoMo.ml complements the existing suite of modelled and satellite-based datasets given its distinct derivation, to support large-scale hydrological, meteorological, and ecological analyses.

scholarly journals Quantification of assembly forces during creation of head-neck taper junction considering soft tissue bearing: a biomechanical study

Arthroplasty ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni Wendler ◽  
Torsten Prietzel ◽  
Robert Möbius ◽  
Jean-Pierre Fischer ◽  
Andreas Roth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Biomechanical Study ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Head Neck

Abstract Background All current total hip arthroplasty (THA) systems are modular in design. Only during the operation femoral head and stem get connected by a Morse taper junction. The junction is realized by hammer blows from the surgeon. Decisive for the junction strength is the maximum force acting once in the direction of the neck axis, which is mainly influenced by the applied impulse and surrounding soft tissues. This leads to large differences in assembly forces between the surgeries. This study aimed to quantify the assembly forces of different surgeons under influence of surrounding soft tissue. Methods First, a measuring system, consisting of a prosthesis and a hammer, was developed. Both components are equipped with a piezoelectric force sensor. Initially, in situ experiments on human cadavers were carried out using this system in order to determine the actual assembly forces and to characterize the influence of human soft tissues. Afterwards, an in vitro model in the form of an artificial femur (Sawbones Europe AB, Malmo, Sweden) with implanted measuring stem embedded in gelatine was developed. The gelatine mixture was chosen in such a way that assembly forces applied to the model corresponded to those in situ. A study involving 31 surgeons was carried out on the aforementioned in vitro model, in which the assembly forces were determined. Results A model was developed, with the influence of human soft tissues being taken into account. The assembly forces measured on the in vitro model were, on average, 2037.2 N ± 724.9 N, ranging from 822.5 N to 3835.2 N. The comparison among the surgeons showed no significant differences in sex (P = 0.09), work experience (P = 0.71) and number of THAs performed per year (P = 0.69). Conclusions All measured assembly forces were below 4 kN, which is recommended in the literature. This could lead to increased corrosion following fretting in the head-neck interface. In addition, there was a very wide range of assembly forces among the surgeons, although other influencing factors such as different implant sizes or materials were not taken into account. To ensure optimal assembly force, the impaction should be standardized, e.g., by using an appropriate surgical instrument.

Regioselective Functionalization of N-Fused Heteroaromatics via FeCl3-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Addition to Activated N-Heterocycles

Synthesis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikyon Kim ◽  
Sung June Kim ◽  
Sunhee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Nucleophilic Addition ◽  
Chemical Space ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Regioselective Functionalization

AbstractBroadening of nitrogen-fused heteroaromatic chemical space such as indolizine and pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine was achieved via FeCl­3-catalyzed nucleophilic addition of these N-fused aromatic compounds to a wide range of azolinium systems generated in situ, leading to novel N-fused heteroaromatic scaffolds with dearomatized N-heterocyclic substituents regioselectively. Nucleophilic addition of indolizines and pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines mainly occurred at the C1 position of the isoquinoliniums and at the C4 site of the quinoliniums.

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