Evaluation of the Resistance of X120 Pipe to Mechanical Damage

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Lucci ◽  
Gianluca Mannucci ◽  
Giuliano Malatesta ◽  
Nicholas E. Biery
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Pipeline Failure ◽  
Linepipe Steels

High strength linepipe steels are being considered for several upcoming projects due to their potential to offer substantial savings through reduced wall thickness, particularly for high pressure designs. It is well known that mechanical damage from excavation activities is one of the most common causes of pipeline failure, however, little test data are available for higher grade steels. This paper presents the results of simulated excavator impacts on X120 pipe, and compares the results to those obtained on lower grade materials and to those predicted by computer simulations.

Sour-Service Risers and Accessories for HP/HT Application in the Gulf of Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (03) ◽  
pp. 60-61
Author(s):  
Judy Feder
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Yield Strength ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Thick Wall ◽  
Offshore Technology ◽  
Riser Pipe ◽  
Sour Service

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper OTC 30558, “Development and Implementation of Heavy-Wall, High-Strength, Sour-Service Accessory and Risers for HP/HT Application in the Gulf of Mexico,” by Carine Landier, Jonathas Oliveira, and Christelle Gomes, Vallourec, et al., prepared for the 2020 Offshore Technology Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Houston, 4–7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2020 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. As oil and gas development in the Gulf of Mexico increasingly requires high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) applications, the need for sour-service (SS) resistance also has grown. To meet these needs, continual innovation and improvement is needed in SS-grade materials from a technical and cost-effectiveness perspective. The complete paper discusses the material properties achieved with several large-diameter, heavy-wall SS pipes. The complete paper presents a detailed, illustrated discussion of the applications for the high-strength SS pipe and its manufacturing process. Applications The authors write that improved materials to meet HP/HT requirements such as those in the Gulf of Mexico are needed particularly for two applications: for risers, which require high-strength, thick-wall sour service; and as a substitute for corrosion-resistant alloy (CRA) with sour carbon material on defined accessories. Vallourec has developed high-strength [125,000-psi specified minimum yield strength (SMYS)] and resistant carbon steel pipes in sizes with outer diameter (OD) up to 23 in. and wall thickness up to 2.5 in. These sizes are common in lower-strength material, but meeting the high-pressure requirements with higher-grade material enables cost savings and eliminates some CRA components. It also enables the use of much-lighter-weight pipe than the 80,000-psi SMYS material that is standard for SS applications in oversize OD and heavy wall. Risers. Most deepwater drilling is performed with classic subsea blowout-preventer (BOP) systems. Access to the well through the BOP is accomplished with low-pressure, large-diameter (19-in. internal diameter) drilling riser pipe. Pipes are supplied in weldable grades (API 5L X65–X80). Large-diameter forged flanges are then welded onto the tubes. Connections are made by multiple bolts. High pressures, required as part of the drilling process, are supplied by small-diameter choke-and-kill lines. This system has served the industry well, but, as well pressures increase, so have cost and feasibility requirements of subsea BOP technology. These costs, driven by the complexity of redundant systems, have driven a desire to explore an alternative solution—a surface BOP with high-pressure drilling riser pipe. Using a surface BOP reduces the complexity and cost of the system significantly because of the ability to inspect it. The drilling riser then carries the pressure to the surface and must be able to contain it. The high-pressure environment that instigated a new solution was based on a 15,000-psi well pressure with NACE Region 2 SS performance. Because of the requirement for weldable grades for attaching the flange as well as SS, the maximum yield strength has been limited to 80,000 psi. At that strength, a very high wall thickness is required to meet 15,000 psi and greater. This becomes very heavy and can be limited by the rig hook-load capacity. Alternatives in weldable grades are nickel-based alloys with SS performance. A full string, however, is prohibitively expensive.

Weldability of High-Strength Stainless Steel for High Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen Environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (8) ◽  
pp. 555-558
Author(s):  
Kana JOTOKU ◽  
Jun NAKAMURA ◽  
Takahiro OSUKI ◽  
Hiroyuki HIRATA
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen

A modified physical model of high-strength water hydraulic artificial muscles considering the effects of geometry and material properties

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440622199907
Author(s):  
Zengmeng Zhang ◽  
Jinkai Che ◽  
Peipei Liu ◽  
Yunrui Jia ◽  
Yongjun Gong
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Artificial Muscles ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Rubber Tube ◽  
Contraction Ratio ◽  
Water Hydraulic

Compared with pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs), water hydraulic artificial muscles (WHAMs) have the advantages of high force/weight ratio, high stiffness, rapid response speed, large operating pressure range, low working noise, etc. Although the physical models of PAMs have been widely studied, the model of WHAMs still need to be researched for the different structure parameters and work conditions between PAMs and WHAMs. Therefore, the geometry and the material properties need to be considered in models, including the wall thickness of rubber tube, the geometry of ends, the elastic force of rubber tube, the elongation of fibers, and the friction among fiber strands. WHAMs with different wall thickness and fiber materials were manufactured, and static characteristic experiments were performed when the actuator is static and fixed on both ends, which reflects the relationship between contraction force and pressure under the different contraction ratio. The deviations between theoretical values and experimental results were analyzed to investigate the effect of each physical factor on the modified physical model accuracy at different operating pressures. The results show the relative error of the modified physical model was 7.1% and the relative error of the ideal model was 17.4%. When contraction ratio is below 10% and operating pressure is 4 MPa, the wall thickness of rubber tube was the strongest factor on the accuracy of modified model. When the WHAM contraction ratio from 3% to 20%, the relative error between the modified physical model and the experimental data was within ±10%. Considering the various physical factors, the accuracy of the modified physical model of WHAM is improved, which lays a foundation of non-linear control of the high-strength, tightly fiber-braided and thick-walled WHAMs.

Numerical Modeling of Tube Hydropiercing Using Phenomenological and Micro-Mechanical Damage Criteria

2013 ◽  
Vol 549 ◽  
pp. 172-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Hassannejadasl ◽  
Daniel E. Green
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Equivalent Plastic Strain ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
Steel Dp600 ◽  
Three Dimensional Finite Element ◽  
Jc Model ◽  
Damage Criteria

Hydropiercing is an efficient way of piercing holes in mass produced hydroformed parts with complex geometries. By driving piercing punches radially into a hydroformed and fully pressurized tube, holes will be pierced and extruded into the tube-wall. Recent experimental studies have shown that the formability of advanced high strength steel (AHSS) tubes can be increased with the application of internal pressure. In this study, three-dimensional finite element simulations of a tube hydropiercing process of a dual phase steel (DP600) were performed in LS-DYNA, using phenomenological, micromechanical and combined damage criteria. Damage was included in the numerical analysis by applying constant equivalent plastic strain (CEPS), the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN), and the Extended GTN (GTN+JC) model. In order to calibrate the parameters in each model, a specialized hole-piercing fixture was designed and piercing tests were carried out on non-pressurized tube specimens. Of the various ductile fracture criteria, the results predicted with the GTN+JC model, such as the punch load-displacement, the roll-over depth, and the quality of the clearance zone correlated the best with the experimental data.

Equation of state for the detonation products of energetic materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1269-1287
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Huo ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Mingli Yang
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Energetic Materials ◽  
Equations Of State ◽  
Experiment Study ◽  
Detonation Products ◽  
Main Approach ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Integrated Theory

Energetic materials (EMs) are one of the necessities in many military and civilian applications. Measuring the thermodynamic behaviors of detonation products of EMs at high temperature and high pressure, their equations of state (EOSs) not only serve as a basis in the design of novel materials, but also provide valuable information for their practical applications. The EOS study has a long history, but keeps moving all the time. Various EMs have been developed, the EOS of detonation products provides abundant information in the thermochemistry, hydromechanics and detonation physics, which in turn feedbacks the development of novel EMs and their EOSs. With the development of experimental techniques and computer simulations, many EOSs have been proposed for various explosives in recent years. While experiments keep their fundamental roles, integrated theory-experiment study has become the main approach to the EOS establishment for novel EMs. Moreover, computer simulations based on interatomic and/or intermolecular interaction will have great potential in the future when big data and artificial intelligence are introduced into the field.

Achieving Ultra-High Strength of Al-Cu-Li Alloys by the Combination of High Pressure Torsion and Age-Hardening

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahui Dong ◽  
Nong Gao ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Lingfei Cao ◽  
Hui Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Pressure Torsion ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Age Hardening

Fracture Mechanics Assessment of Hydrogen Storage Vessel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoliang Jia ◽  
Zhiwei Chen ◽  
Fang Ji
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Fracture Mechanics ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
High Strength Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics ◽  
Storage Vessel ◽  
Linear Elastic ◽  
Elastic Fracture ◽  
Hydrogen Storage Vessel

Abstract High strength steel is usually used in fabrication of hydrogen storage vessel. The fracture toughness of high strength steel will be decreased and the crack sensitivity of the structures will be increased when high strength steels are applied in hydrogen environment with high pressure. Hence, the small cracks on the surface of pressure vessel may grow rapidly then lead to rupture. Therefore, this paper makes a series of research on how to evaluate the 4130X steel hydrogen storage vessel with fracture mechanics. This study is based on the assumption that there is a semi-elliptic crack on internal surface of hydrogen storage vessel. First of all, based on linear elastic fracture mechanics, the stress intensity factors and crack tolerance of 4130X steel hydrogen storage vessel have been calculated by means of finite element method based on interaction integral theory and polynomial-approximated approach from GB/T 34019 Ultra-high pressure vessels. Then, a comparative study has been made from the results of above methods to find out the difference between them. At last, the fatigue life of a 4130X steel hydrogen storage vessel has been predicted based on linear elastic fracture mechanics and Paris formula. The calculation methods and analysis conclusion can be used to direct the design and manufacture of hydrogen storage vessel.

Development of a novel harness system to aid in rehabilitation of horses

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-391
Author(s):  
S.L. Steinke ◽  
L.J. Belgrave ◽  
J.B. Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Load Reduction ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
High Pressure High Temperature ◽  
Abnormal Posture ◽  
Weight Compensation

Development of a rehabilitation harness to aid in recovery from musculoskeletal injuries is needed because serious complications can arise from long-term use of rescue slings. This study’s objective was to determine the anatomical structures of the horse that can bear significant weight, the potential complications that could arise if a horse is not properly supported by the harness and the % weight compensation achievable with the newly developed harness when used together with a dynamic rehabilitation lift. This dynamic lift can reduce the load the limbs carry, either withers-to-pelvis or left-to-right when used in combination with the rehabilitation harness under development. The rehabilitation harness prototype described here was made of cotton/nylon with sheepskin inserts, forming a blanket with high-strength strapping supporting the load-bearing structures of the horse. This prototype was load tested up to 600 kg, for safety, with no sign of failure. In an adult horse, the harness allowed for 40% load reduction from both front (125 of 303 kg [60% of 506 kg]) and hind (80 of 203 kg [40% of 506 kg]) legs before complications (abnormal posture) occurred. Pressure was measured to determine areas of high pressure which lead to the addition of an H-frame and a figure-eight pattern of strapping to the forelimb support reducing pressure, improving posture and achieving greater load reduction (46% [140 of 301.2 kg]). Abnormalities in respiratory rate or pattern were not observed. Future research will include testing the harness longer term (up to six weeks) with the incorporation of an air-pressurised breastplate to detect high-pressure, high-temperature, high-moisture areas, modifying the design further for improved horse-comfort reducing the risk of complications and enabling long-term use of the harness during rehabilitation.

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