An Approach to Coating and Cathodic Protection Design on Long Distance Gas Pipeline

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Bacchi ◽  
Fabio Brugnetti ◽  
Michele Castano ◽  
Fabio Zanardo
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Inspection And Maintenance ◽  
Grade Steel

Eni group is working on a gas transportation project aimed to develop and verify the technology for a “LD-HC-HP-HG” (Long Distance–High Capacity–High Pressure–High Grade) gas pipeline named TAP (Trasporto Alta Pressione). Interest in high pressure and high grade pipe steels is due to the increasing necessity of economic gas transportation on long distances between upstream and downstream in an international context. In the past Eni group has already studied long distance pipeline materials from the economic and pre-feasibility point of view. Now, with TAP project, Eni is going to do an “in field experience” with high pressure and high grade steels to concur and to promote the “gas to market” with the “pipeline” option. Snam Rete Gas competences in the project are related to: • partial contribution to the technical characterization of field welding joints; • analysis of solutions for coating and cathodic protection especially dedicated for long distance pipelines. The building of a pilot pipeline in X100 grade steel is an opportunity to test new technologies and new instrumentations to economically prevent corrosion with coating and cathodic protection in long distance pipelines where there could be logistic problems for the systems inspection and maintenance due also to the extreme environmental conditions. Design of the system solutions according to a “life cycle costing” approach and analysis of the experimental results of the pilot pipeline in X100 grade steel will be both included in the project. Aim of this paper is to suggest an experimental approach to coating and cathodic protection design on long distance gas pipeline in order to minimize inspection and maintenance costs, very relevant for such a type of application.

Possible Use of New Materials for High Pressure Linepipe Construction: An Opening on X100 Grade Steel

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Barsanti ◽  
G. Mannucci ◽  
H. G. Hillenbrand ◽  
G. Demofonti ◽  
D. Harris
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Know How ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Steel Properties ◽  
Grade Steel

The increasing needs of natural gas, foreseen for the next years, makes more and more important the type of transportation chosen, both from strategic and economic point of view. The most important gas markets will be Northern America, Europe, Asia and Russia but the demand shall be fulfilled also by emerging producers as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Eastern Siberia that at the moment are developing their resources in order to be competitive on Gas market. In this way producers and customers will be placed at greater and greater distances implying realization of complex gas transportation pipeline network, when use of LNG tankers is impossible or uneconomic. On the base of these considerations in 1997 began a feasibility study on X100 steel, given that, comparing different design approaches, it has been observed that consistent savings could be obtained by means of using high grade steel and high pressure linepipes. In this multi-sponsored project (Eni group, European Community of steel and Carbon, CSM, Corus and Europipe) CSM and Corus group were involved in the laboratory and full-scale pipes testing, Europipe was the pipes producer and Snam Rete Gas was involved in field weldability and technical coordination. No technical breakthrough, but only improvements in the existing expertise were involved in the X100 production; consequently, the production window is very narrow. However optimized steelmaking practices and processes enabled the material to reach the desired properties: strength, toughness and weldability. This paper is intended to present the general results arising from this project, in terms of steel properties (chemical composition, mechanical properties), ductile and brittle fracture resistance (results of full scale burst tests, West Jefferson tests) and field weldability, but above all the know-how stored till now on high grade steel and its possible use from a Gas company and a Pipe maker point of view.

High Grade Steel Pipeline for Long Distance Natural Gas Projects

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiziana Cheldi ◽  
Michele Castano ◽  
Carlo Maria Spinelli
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Steel Pipeline ◽  
Grade Steel

scholarly journals Sustainable Electric Personal Mobility: The Design of a Wireless Charging Infrastructure for Urban Tourism

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1270
Author(s):  
Sung Il Kwag ◽  
Uhjin Hur ◽  
Young Dae Ko
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Urban Tourism ◽  
Electric Mobility ◽  
Wireless Charging ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Personal Mobility ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Mobility System

Though new technologies have been applied in all industries, electric mobility technology using eco-friendly energy is drawing a great deal of attention. This research focuses on a personal electric mobility system for urban tourism. Some tourism sites such as Gyeongju, Korea, have broad spaces for tourists to walk around, but the public transportation system has been insufficiently developed due to economic reasons. Therefore, personal mobility technology such as electric scooters can be regarded as efficient alternatives. For the operation of electric scooters, a charging infrastructure is necessary. Generally, scooters can be charged via wires, but this research suggests an advanced electric personal mobility system based on wireless electric charging technology that can accommodate user convenience. A mathematical model-based optimization was adopted to derive an efficient design for a wireless charging infrastructure while minimizing total investment costs. By considering the type of tourists and their tour features, optimal locations and lengths of the static and dynamic wireless charging infrastructure are derived. By referring to this research, urban tourism can handle transportation issues from a sustainable point of view. Moreover, urban tourism will have a better chance of attracting tourists by conserving heritage sites and by facilitating outdoor activities with electric personal mobility.

scholarly journals Impact of Innovative Technologies on the Content of Vitamin C and Its Bioavailability from Processed Fruit and Vegetable Products

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Monika Mieszczakowska-Frąc ◽  
Karolina Celejewska ◽  
Witold Płocharski
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
High Pressure Processing ◽  
Food Preservation ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Minimal Processing ◽  
Processing Technologies

Nowadays, thermal treatments are used for extending the shelf-life of vegetable and fruit products by inactivating microorganisms and enzymes. On the other hand, heat treatments often induce undesirable changes in the quality of the final product, e.g., losses of nutrients, color alterations, changes in flavor, and smell. Therefore, the food industry is opening up to new technologies that are less aggressive than thermal treatment to avoid the negative effects of thermal pasteurization. Non-thermal processing technologies have been developed during the last decades as an alternative to thermal food preservation. Processing changes the structure of fruit and vegetables, and hence the bioavailability of the nutrients contained in them. In this review, special attention has been devoted to the effects of modern technologies of fruit and vegetable processing, such as minimal processing (MPFV), high-pressure processing (HPP), high-pressure homogenization (HPH), ultrasounds (US), pulsed electric fields (PEF), on the stability and bioavailability of vitamin C.

Stress Analysis and Strength Checking for High Pressure Gas Pipeline in the Earthquake Rupture Area

2013 ◽  
Vol 470 ◽  
pp. 866-870
Author(s):  
Wei He ◽  
Yan Dong Liu ◽  
Guo Xing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Earthquake Rupture ◽  
Rupture Area ◽  
Pipeline Crossing ◽  
The Way

Based on the actual project example of high pressure gas pipeline crossing earthquake rupture area, the paper shows and explains the way to make stress analysis and strength checking calculation for the high pressure gas pipeline in the earthquake rupture area by the method of finite element.

Archaic Origins of the Lowland Maya

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon C. Lohse
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Radiocarbon Data ◽  
Cultural Origins ◽  
Lines Of Evidence ◽  
Lowland Maya

The earliest Lowland Maya are commonly recognized by permanent architecture and the appearance of pottery. However, when other lines of evidence are considered, strong continuities with late Archaic populations can be seen. Reconciling these views relies on more than simply gathering more data. It is also necessary to consider the effect of decades of scholarship that defines the precolumbian Maya as “civilization” rather than considering the historical contexts of important transitions, such as the one that culminated with sedentism, the adoption of new technologies, and participation in long-distance exchange. The Archaic-to-Preclassic transition was relatively brief and largely obscured by the practices of establishing permanent dwellings. Nevertheless, this period must have been extremely dynamic and marked by significant cultural change, making it important to researchers interested in early Mesoamerica. Using three lines of evidence—subsistence, economy and technology, and stratigraphically controlled radiocarbon data—this article argues that the Lowland Maya had their cultural origins at least in the late Archaic and that the case for pottery before ca. 1000 B.C. remains uncertain. Future research is needed to determine precisely how far back in time certain cultural practices that characterize Preclassic and Classic Maya society can be documented.

High Consequence Areas (HCAs) Assessment for Long-Distance Oil/Gas Pipeline

ICPTT 2011 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianlin Ma ◽  
Liqiong Chen ◽  
PengpPh.D. Zhang ◽  
Sizhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Oil Gas
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