Development of a Dual-Diameter 10”/12” High Resolution Ultrasonic (WM) Tool

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Viltart ◽  
Franc¸ois Jacquiot
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Fitness For Purpose ◽  
Area Method ◽  
Detection Capabilities ◽  
Paris Region ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Product Pipeline

Trapil is Europe’s leading refined product pipeline operator, with approximately 4,700 kilometers of pipeline in three networks in France. The Le Havre-Paris network has a number of dual-diameter 10” and 123/4” seamless lines in the Paris region. Built in the 1950s and 1960s, they are now located in heavily-populated areas where excavation to assess defects or perform repairs is difficult. Best in-line inspection practice for this type of line recommends the use of ultrasonic tools because of their depth-sizing accuracy and detection capabilities. The need for a dual-diameter, high-resolution ultrasonic tool to survey six 10”–123/4” lines prompted Trapil to develop its own tool offering a variety of benefits, such as using the RSTRENG effective area method to perform fitness-for-purpose calculations prior to excavation and determining the shape of dents.

Absolute effective area of the Chandra high-resolution mirror assembly (HRMA)

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Schwartz ◽  
Laurence P. David ◽  
R. H. Donnelly ◽  
Richard J. Edgar ◽  
Terrance J. Gaetz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Effective Area

SCC Detection and Mitigation Based on In-Line Inspection Tools

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Kresic ◽  
Scott Ironside
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Management System ◽  
Crack Detection ◽  
Fitness For Purpose ◽  
Preventative Maintenance ◽  
Precise Method ◽  
Field Inspection ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Inspection Data ◽  
Ongoing Monitoring

The focus of the Enbridge Integrity Management System is to prevent leaks or ruptures caused by all duty-related pipe deterioration including SCC. As with all pipe defect types, ongoing monitoring programs are employed to determine whether SCC has occurred. Where it has, preventative maintenance programs are employed to mitigate the SCC. Where required, Enbridge employs high-resolution crack in-line inspection (ILI) as the most precise method for managing SCC. As a member of the Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA), Enbridge participated in the development of a basic framework for SCC management programs and has adopted this framework as the basis for the Enbridge program. Ultrasonic crack detection ILI, capable of detecting SCC, has been employed on over 3000 km of Enbridge pipe and several hundred investigative excavations have been conducted in relation to the ILI data. The results gathered from these investigations have been trended to define the effectiveness of crack detection ILI to detect, size, and discriminate SCC defects. This paper and presentation describes Enbridge’s experience utilizing ultrasonic crack detection ILI for SCC management. The Enbridge trends have shown that ILI can be reliably utilized to detect SCC but, additional innovation is required for defect sizing. While ILI sizing is limited, trends developed from field inspection data have provided the ability to categorize ILI signals into general classifications that ensure all relevant SCC features are highlighted. The categorization is accurate but added precision would reduce the number of investigative excavations, which currently, are also conducted on many sub-relevant features. Coincident with SCC activities driven by ILI data, trends were also developed for peripheral aspects such as field NDT technology, fitness-for-purpose equations, and SCC initiation and growth causes. Observations and trends related to these activities are also described herein.

Collapse Strength of Complex Metal Shell Intersections by the Effective Area Method

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Teng
Keyword(s):  
Effective Area ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Metal Shell ◽  
Local Pressure ◽  
Area Method ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bending Stresses ◽  
Slope Discontinuity ◽  
Shell Intersections

Cone-cone intersections and cone-cylinder intersections with or without ring stiffeners are common features in silos, tanks, pressure vessels, piping components, and other industrial shell structures. Under internal or external pressure, these intersections are subject to high circumferential membrane stresses as well as high bending stresses due to the presence of a slope discontinuity. As a result, they are susceptible to local plastic collapse. This paper first provides a summary of the effective area method initially proposed by Rotter for the plastic limit loads of cone-cylinder intersections in silos. The method is then generalized for complex intersections of cones and cylinders under uniform pressure and improved by including the local pressure effect. Results from the effective area method are compared with rigorous finite element results for a number of cases to demonstrate its accuracy. It is shown that the method is not only elegant and accurate, but also leads to a single simple formula for different types of intersections which is particularly suitable for codification purposes.

Operator Assessment of ILI Defects

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin W. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Magnetic Flux Leakage ◽  
Burst Pressure ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Flux Leakage

With the age of the original Panhandle Eastern Pipeline (PEPL) Company pipelines, it’s not a matter of if anomalies will be found when an ILI tool is run, it’s a matter of how many and how severe. When a final report is received from an ILI vendor, burst pressures are typically calculated using Modified B31G, 0.85dL. The results can seem unmanageable, but success has been had doing further assessments on some anomalies without excavating them all. This assessment has been developed and performed by PEPL on three sets of Tuboscope ILI data and one set of Baker Hughes CPIG data. The method to be discussed was first employed in 2002. It provides a more accurate characterization of the defect and provides the company the ability to more effectively allocate resources. Efforts have been made to review the color scan of a vendor’s raw High Resolution Magnetic Flux Leakage (HRMFL) data, and perform an assessment using Effective Area Analysis without excavating hundreds of anomalies that prove no threat to the pipeline. This assessment is done by hand on the computer and in many cases returns a burst pressure higher than that calculated using Modified B31G, 0.85dL. The following is a case study that shows how multiple defects have been assessed prior to excavation in an attempt to more accurately characterize the defect, and allow for a better allocation of resources. Digs have been performed to validate the process, and the results will be discussed.

scholarly journals APEX, the Astrophysical Plasmadynamic EXplorer: An EUV High Resolution Spectroscopic Observatory

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 796-798
Author(s):  
M Kowalski
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
White Dwarfs ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Magnitude Improvement

AbstractAPEX is a proposed Small Explorer satellite that will obtain high-resolution EUV spectra of white dwarfs, CVs, stellar coronae, and the local ISM. The APEX effective area (30-50 cm2) and resolution (~10,000) are an order of magnitude improvement over Chandra.

Correction about rear of aperture serves as sphere wall in effective area method

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-123
Author(s):  
Xiangzi Chen ◽  
Wei Fang ◽  
Shuyan Xu ◽  
Xiangqian Quan ◽  
Zhiwei Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Area ◽  
Area Method

Optimal design of multilayer diffractive optical elements with effective area method

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongfang Yang ◽  
Changxi Xue ◽  
Chuang Li ◽  
Ju Wang
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Effective Area ◽  
Diffractive Optical Elements ◽  
Optical Elements ◽  
Area Method

scholarly journals Effective Length Prediction and Pullout Design of Geosynthetic Strips Based on Pullout Resistance

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6151
Author(s):  
Jeongjun Park ◽  
Gigwon Hong
Keyword(s):  
Effective Area ◽  
Soil Reinforcement ◽  
Effective Length ◽  
Block Type ◽  
Front Wall ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Pullout Strength ◽  
Area Method ◽  
Pullout Resistance ◽  
Pullout Load

In this study, pullout tests were conducted on geosynthetic strips which can be applied to a block-type front wall. Based on the test results, the effective length is predicted, and the pullout design results are presented. In other words, the pullout displacement–pullout load relationship of all geosynthetic strips was analyzed using the pullout test results, and their effective lengths were predicted. It was found that the reinforcement width affected the pullout force for the geosynthetic strips at the same tensile strength. The pullout behavior was evidenced within a range of approximately 0.45 L of the total length of the reinforcement (L) and hardly occurred beyond a certain distance from the geosynthetic strips front regardless of the normal stress. Based on these pullout behavioral characteristics, a method is proposed for the prediction of the effective length (LE) and maximum effective length (LE(max)) of a geosynthetic strip. The pullout strength was compared using the total area and effective area methods in accordance with the proposed method. In the case of the total area method, GS50W (width: 50 mm) and GS70W (width: 70 mm) exhibited similar pullout strengths. The pullout strength by the effective area method, however, was found to be affected by the soil-reinforcement interface adhesion. The proposed method used for the prediction of the effective length of a geosynthetic strip was evaluated using a design case. It was confirmed that the method achieved an economical design in instances in which the pullout resistance by the effective length (LE) was applied compared with the existing method.

scholarly journals Life After Inspection

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Grimes ◽  
David G. Jones
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Fitness For Purpose ◽  
Financial Benefit ◽  
Operating Strategies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Safe Operating

To gain a financial benefit, a “smart operator” views inspection as part of an overall strategy to maintain a safe pipeline. This paper shows how periodic internal inspections, followed by defect assessments using fitness-for-purpose criteria and selective repair, is the most cost beneficial way of maintaining the safety of a pipeline. It is highlighted that it is important to use (i) genuine high resolution pigs for the inspection and (ii) expert fitness-for-purpose assessment. The cost savings on the optimized future safe operating strategies for the pipeline offset the costs of the inspection and expert assessment.

scholarly journals Climate change, re-/afforestation, and urbanisation impacts on evapotranspiration and streamflow in Europe

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriaan J. Teuling ◽  
Emile de Badts ◽  
Femke A. Jansen ◽  
Richard Fuchs ◽  
Joost Buitink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Large River ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
The 1950S

Abstract. Since the 1950s, Europe has seen large shifts in climate and land cover. Previous assessments of past and future changes in evapotranspiration or streamflow have either focussed on land use/cover or climate contributions, or have focussed on individual catchments under specific climate conditions. Here, we aim to understand how decadal changes in climate (e.g., precipitation, temperature) and land use (e.g., de-/afforestation, urbanization) have impacted the amount and distribution of water resources availability across Europe since the 1950s. To this end, we simulate the distribution of green and blue water fluxes at high-resolution (1 × 1 km) by combining (a) a steady-state Budyko model for water balance partitioning constrained by long-term (lysimeter) observations across different land-use types, (b) a novel decadal high-resolution historical land use reconstruction, and (c) gridded observations of key meteorological variables. The continental-scale patterns in the simulations agree well with coarser-scale observation-based estimates of evapotranspiration, and also with observed changes in streamflow from small basins across Europe. We find that strong shifts in the continental-scale patterns of evapotranspiration and streamflow have occured from 1950 to 2010. In Sweden, for example, increased precipitation dominates effects of large scale re- and afforestation leading to increases in both streamflow and evapotranspiration. In most of the Mediterrenean, decreased precipitation combines with increased forest cover and potential evapotranspiration to reduce streamflow. In spite of local and regional scale complexity, the Europe-wide net contribution of land use, precipitation and potential evapotranspiration changes to changes in ET is similar with around ~ 40 km3/y, equivalent to the discharge of a large river. For streamflow, changes in precipitation dominate land use and potential evapotranspiration contributions with ~ 90 km3/y compared to ~ 45 km3/y. Locally, increased forest cover and urbanisation have lead to significant decreases and increases of available streamflow.

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