Inspection Challenges: Pigs Versus Pipes

Volume 1: Regulations, Codes, and Standards; Current Issues; Materials; Corrosion and Integrity ◽

10.1115/ipc1996-1841 ◽

1996 ◽

Author(s):

E. M. Holden ◽

K. Grimes

Keyword(s):

Environmental Pressures ◽

Pipeline Network ◽

Pipeline Inspection ◽

Available Technology ◽

Year 2000 ◽

Over 40 Years ◽

Transmission Pipelines

As the size of the international pipeline network grows, and systems age (by the year 2000, over 50% of US gas transmission pipelines will be over 40 years old), and as environmental pressures increase, the demand for inspection is ever more apparent. Pipeline operations’ experience has revealed many “new” defects and “new” inspection problems, many of which have challenged in-line inspection technology and stimulated further developments. This paper describes what pipeline inspection needs to find, the available technology and some examples of the inspection challenges.

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Characterizing Corrosion Defects With Apparent High Growth Rates on Transmission Pipelines

Volume 1: Pipeline and Facilities Integrity ◽

10.1115/ipc2020-9572 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas Dessein ◽

Brent Ayton ◽

Travis Sera

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

High Growth ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

Pipeline Inspection ◽

Defect Growth ◽

Predicted Probability ◽

Statistical Frequency ◽

Detection Capabilities ◽

Corrosion Defects ◽

Transmission Pipelines

Abstract Consecutive in-line inspections of transmission pipelines enable a comparison between the inspection results to characterize corrosion growth. Despite the high levels of in-line inspection tool accuracy and detection capabilities, corrosion defects with low calculated burst capacities may be detected on a subsequent inspection that were not reported in a previous inspection. These newly reported defects can pose a substantial challenge as the apparent growth rates between inspections of these defects can potentially drive unnecessary repair digs. This paper characterizes the contributing factors that can explain these phenomena, including: • Typical corrosion growth rates and their associated statistical frequency • The diminishing detection capability of inspection tools for smaller defects • The inspection tool minimum reporting threshold • The measurement accuracy of inspection tools. A statistical analysis was developed to quantify this interacting set of factors using Monte Carlo simulations that work retrospectively, covering a range of observed measured defect depths and then simulating the processes that could lead to newly reported defects being un-matched in a previous inspection. This analysis can be used to quantify the likelihood that a defect of a specific measured size would have been unreported in an earlier inspection due only to the performance characteristics of the inspection tool, and not as a result of defect growth that initiated since the time of the previous inspection. A set of case studies covering a range of pipeline inspection intervals ranging from 2 to 10 years are presented to demonstrate how this approach can be used to quantify appropriate growth rates that may be applied to these un-matched defects when assessing the remaining life or predicted probability of failure.

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Trends in Cystic Fibrosis survival over 40 years in South Africa: an observational cohort study

10.22541/au.163577611.11640988/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marco Zampoli ◽

Reshma Kassanjee ◽

Janine Verstraete ◽

Anthony Westwood ◽

Heather Zar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Temporal Trends ◽

Observational Cohort Study ◽

Middle Income ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Specific Mortality ◽

Observational Cohort ◽

Year 2000 ◽

Over 40 Years ◽

Diagnosis Age

Introduction: Temporal trends in CF survival from low-middle-income settings are poorly reported. We describe changes in CF survival after diagnosis over 40 years from a South African (SA) CF center. Methods: An observational cohort study of people diagnosed with CF from 1974 to 2019. Changes in age-specific mortality rates from the year 2000 (versus before 2000) were estimated using multivariable Poisson regression. Data were stratified by current age < or ≥ 10 years and models controlled for diagnosis age, sex, ethnicity, genotype, and P. aeruginosa (PA) infection. A second analysis explored association of mortality with weight and FEV1z-scores at age 5-8 years. Results: 288 people (52% male; 57% Caucasian; 44% p.Phe508del homozygous) were included (median diagnosis age 0.5 years: Q1,Q3: 0.2, 2.5); 58 (35%) died and 30 (10%) lost to follow-up. Among age >10 years, age-specific mortality from year 2000 was significantly lower (adjusted hazard ratio aHR: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.06,0.29; p<0.001), but not among age <10 years (aHR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.28,1.64; p=0.383). In children <10 years, Caucasian ethnicity was associated with lower mortality (aHR 0.17; 95% CI 0.05,0.63), and time since first PA infection with higher mortality (aHR 1.31; 95% CI 1.01,1.68). Mortality was 7-fold higher if FEV1z was < -2.0 at age 5-8 years (aHR 7.64; 95% CI 2.58,22.59). Conclusion: Overall, CF survival has significantly improved in SA from year 2000 in people older than 10 years. However, increased risk of mortality persists in young non-Caucasian children, and with FEV1z<-2.0 at age 5-8 years.

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Discussion on the application of CCTV detection in the pipeline network inspection project of a community repair project in Shanghai

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202123604034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 236 ◽

pp. 04034

Author(s):

Fuyi

Keyword(s):

Construction Site ◽

Maintenance And Repair ◽

Pipeline Network ◽

Detection Process ◽

Pipeline Inspection

Taking the pipeline inspection as an example, this paper cleborates the CCTV detection process, and expounds the corresponding technical points combined with the construction site and relevant specifications. According to the inspection results, the defects of the pipeline are evaluated, and the corresponding maintenance and repair opinions are proposed.

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Atomic Spectroscopy in the FIM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100145157 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 758-761

Author(s):

J. J. Hren ◽

S. D. Walck

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Electric Fields ◽

Atom Probe ◽

Atomic Spectroscopy ◽

Single Atom ◽

Statistical Sampling ◽

Commercial Instrument ◽

Available Technology ◽

High Electric Fields ◽

Field Ion Microscope

The field ion microscope (FIM) has had the ability to routinely image the surface atoms of metals since Mueller perfected it in 1956. Since 1967, the TOF Atom Probe has had single atom sensitivity in conjunction with the FIM. “Why then hasn't the FIM enjoyed the success of the electron microscope?” The answer is closely related to the evolution of FIM/Atom Probe techniques and the available technology. This paper will review this evolution from Mueller's early discoveries, to the development of a viable commercial instrument. It will touch upon some important contributions of individuals and groups, but will not attempt to be all inclusive. Variations in instrumentation that define the class of problems for which the FIM/AP is uniquely suited and those for which it is not will be described. The influence of high electric fields inherent to the technique on the specimens studied will also be discussed. The specimen geometry as it relates to preparation, statistical sampling and compatibility with the TEM will be examined.

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Client Safety and Telepractice in a Clinic or Home Setting

Perspectives on Telepractice ◽

10.1044/teles3.2.41 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 41-43

Author(s):

Lyn Tindall

Keyword(s):

Communication Disorders ◽

Speech Pathology ◽

Professional Issues ◽

Efficacy Data ◽

Home Setting ◽

Safe Environment ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Assessment And Treatment ◽

Available Technology ◽

And Gender

Telepractice is an exciting addition to the arsenal of speech-language pathologists for delivering services. Efficacy data continues to emerge proving the benefit of using available technology to provide assessment and treatment for persons with a variety of communication disorders, ages, and gender. In addition to providing assessment and treatment using telepractice technology, several professional issues have arisen which must be addressed before implementation of this service delivery system. Licensure and reimbursement have been at the forefront, as well they should. However, client safety is another issue that should also be addressed. Providing speech pathology services in a safe environment is a concept which may not have been considered before technological advances made it possible to provide services to someone while not being physically present.

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