scholarly journals Material Technology Trends to Improve Multi-Layer Coatings: Challenges to Traditional Thinking

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie W. Cox ◽  
Denis Grimshaw ◽  
Carmine D’Agostino
Keyword(s):  
Coating Material ◽  
Coating System ◽  
End User ◽  
Material Technology ◽  
Polyethylene Coating ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
End Use ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Technology Trends

Current Global acceptance of the three layer polyethylene coating system for the exterior coating of steel pipelines (for almost any environment on-shore/off-shore for oil, gas or water pipelines) has helped to expand the present coating use. The focus of this paper will be on coating material changes by technology, to up-grade the end use of the coating system and to present those changes to the engineering and corrosion community to the benefit of the end user or client.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Energy Consumption in the United States: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Kahn ◽  
Hamidreza Najafi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Average Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
End User ◽  
End Use ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Lockdown measures and mobility restrictions implemented to combat the spread of the novel COVID-19 virus have impacted energy consumption patterns, particularly in the United States. A review of available data and literature on the impact of the pandemic on energy consumption is performed to understand the current knowledge on this topic. The overall decline of energy use during lockdown restrictions can best be identified through the analysis of energy consumption by source and end-user breakdown. Using monthly energy consumption data, the total 9-months use between January and September for the years 2015–2020 are calculated for each end-use. The cumulative consumption within these 9 months of the petroleum, natural gas, biomass, and electricity energy by the various end-use sectors are compared to identify a shift in use throughout time with the calculation of the percent change from 2019 to 2020. The analysis shows that the transportation sector experienced the most dramatic decline, having a subsequent impact on the primary energy it uses. A steep decline in the use of petroleum and natural gas by the transportation sector has had an inevitable impact on the emission of carbon dioxide and other air pollutants during the pandemic. Additionally, the most current data for the consumption of electricity by each state and each end-user in the times before and during the pandemic highlights the impact of specific lockdown procedures on energy use. The average total consumption for each state was found for the years 2015–2019. This result is used calculation of yearly growth rate and average annual growth rate in 2020 for each state and end-user. The total average annual growth rate for 2020 was used to find a correlation coefficient between COVID-19 case and death rates as well as population density and lockdown duration. To further examine the relationship a correlation coefficient was calculated between the 2020 average annual growth rate for all sectors and average annual growth rate for each individual end-user.

scholarly journals Pimpama-Coomera dual reticulation end use study: pre-commission baseline, context and post-commission end use prediction

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Willis ◽  
R. A. Stewart ◽  
S. C. Emmonds
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
Adjustment Factors ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
End Use ◽  
End Uses

The Gold Coast Water Pimpama Coomera dual reticulation schemes' recycled water supply will be online in late 2009. In an attempt to achieve better estimates on both potable and likely recycled water end uses within this region, this paper presents a predictive model that utilises a range of input parameters, including: current use in the Gold Coast and the Pimpama Coomera regions at both a bulk billing and end use level; recycled water use at other dual reticulated schemes; and questionnaire survey of residents water source preferences for outdoor uses. Prior to the commissioning of recycled water, potable water is supplied through the recycled water pipelines. Water end use consumption analysis from the recycled water smart meter indicates that this supply source currently provides 20% of total household use with the majority of use being for toilet flushing. However, a range of factors have attributed to this low baseline level with evidence collected in this study indicating that higher recycled water consumption rates will occur once this supply line has been commissioned; largely due to the lower cost and fewer restrictions placed on this water source for discretionary outdoor purposes. The weighted amalgamation of a range of baseline adjustment factors assisted in the prediction of post-commissioning end uses for the Pimpama Coomera dual reticulated region. The predictive model indicated that recycled water end uses would account for 53 litres per person per day or 30.6% of total household consumption. The paper concludes with a brief overview of Phase 2 of the study which aims to compare actual post-commission end uses with the baseline situation and prediction, as well as the development of a robust end use model for dual reticulated regions.

scholarly journals A Study of WLAN Campus in an Educational Establishment

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taghareed Abdul-Hameed ◽  
Ziad Hunaiti ◽  
Eliamani Sedoyeka
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Access Point ◽  
Campus Network ◽  
End User ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Link Performance ◽  
End Use ◽  
Two Stages

the main aim of campus network is to efficiently separate, share and access knowledge among its users. The big demand of such systems of distributed knowledge networks is to be able to handle advanced applications which are the end-user requirements. The main goal of this study is to assess the ability of WLAN campus to dealing with applications request of end users in education establishments and network achievement under different conditions of operation. The study has been conducted in two stages: the first stage was accomplished by conducting a survey, using the Student Village network at Anglia Ruskin University as a case study; the main aim was to determine end-use requirements, gather information about the nature applications running by users and get a view about the likely future applications. The second stage was achieved by conducting experiments to evaluate the WLAN campus network performance under various different scenarios: impact of handover from Access Point (AP) to another AP on end-user link performance, network performance in different usage time and network performance in different weather conditions.

Application of modified cellulose nanofibrils as coating suspension on recycled paper using size press

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Fidan ◽  
Ayhan Tozluoğlu ◽  
Ahmet Tutuş ◽  
Bayram Poyraz ◽  
Recai Arslan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Coating Material ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Lower Viscosity ◽  
Coating Suspension ◽  
End Use ◽  
Recycled Fibers

Abstract Cellulose based nanomaterials have the great potential to be applied to paper as bulk additive or coating material to improve overall final properties, especially in secondary fiber. In the present work, the effect of applying different kinds of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) to papers obtained from recycled fibers using size press on physical, mechanical and barrier properties was investigated and compared with the sole use of starch as coating material. The coating process of CNF was carried out by the addition of size press grade starch to coating suspension. As a cellulose source, wheat straw was evaluated and CNF was obtained through oxidative and enzymatic pretreatments. Results indicate that starch/CNF suspension improves the overall paper properties. As a result of the deposition of coating suspension contains of 4 % wt. periodate-oxidized CNF onto paper surface, tensile and burst indices of papersheets increased as 52.2 % and 194.4 %. Significant decreases were observed in air permeability as 69.8 %. Compression tests also have been conducted to evaluate papersheets end-use properties. In comparison to the other pretreated CNF, due to is lower viscosity, applying periodate-oxidized CNF as size press significantly increased the mechanical properties of the papers fabricated from the recycled pulps.

Territories of the City and the Self

2019 ◽  
pp. 135-154
Author(s):  
Rowan Wilken
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Original Research ◽  
User Engagement ◽  
End User ◽  
Locative Media ◽  
Mobile Social Networking ◽  
Contemporary Media ◽  
End Use ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The City

This chapter develops a contemporary media historical account of consumer end-use of locative media service, Foursquare. It focuses on the period just prior to the splitting of Foursquare into two separate consumer facing apps (Foursquare City Guide and Swarm), when Foursquare still functioned as a single, check in driven, locative mobile social networking service. Combining original research from 2013–2014, with the now extensive international literature on Foursquare end use, this chapter examines the myriad of ways that people have engaged with this pioneering locative media app. The chapter is structured around an exploration of two sets of interrelated issues. First, it draws on Lee Humphreys’ (2012) tripartite notion of “coordinating, cataloguing, and connecting,” to trace how urban spaces and places are explored, catalogued, and communicated through end user engagement with Foursquare. Second, it draws out how these communicative practices involving the Foursquare service are entwined with processes of individual identity construction and performance.

Latest Trends in Pig Detection System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagannath Mondal ◽  
Devarajan Umakanth ◽  
Raju Paul ◽  
Faris Ragheb Kamal
Keyword(s):  
Detection System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Safety ◽  
Human Intervention ◽  
End User ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Water Pipeline ◽  
Integrity Assurance ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Safe Operating

Abstract Pig detector plays an important role in the Commissioning and handover of Pipelines project. This paper addresses the latest trends in Pig Detectors. In addition, this paper covers the commissioning challenges and mitigations in major Offshore Brownfield Project involving new pipelines with 80 nos of Pig Detectors and accessories. Pipelines represent a considerable investment on behalf of the End User and can often prove strategic to countries and governments. Pipelines are generally accepted as being the most efficient method of transporting fluids across distances. Pipelines transport various kinds of fluids viz. oil, gas, multiphase, water. Pipeline pigging is an important operation for enhancing reliability and durability of pipeline, adopted worldwide. It has a major impact on the operational and technical integrity of a pipeline. Pigging Operation is high-risk activity in-terms of process safety. The Pigging can be safely initiated only when safe operating conditions are maintained at both ends of pipeline. Pigging involves human intervention and thus increasing personnel risk. Pipeline pigging operations is performed during pre-commissioning, start-up, normal operations and integrity assurance.

Sorption and Diffusion Properties of Wood/Plastic Composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 187-200
Author(s):  
George Gejo ◽  
Runcy Wilson ◽  
Anoop Chandran ◽  
Sajna M. Shamsudeen ◽  
Prakashan Valparambil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
End User ◽  
Wood Plastic Composites ◽  
Plastic Composites ◽  
Solvent Uptake ◽  
Wood Particles ◽  
End Use ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Insight Into

The area of sorption and diffusion behaviour of wood/plastic composites has gained considerable attention during the last decade owing to the variety of applications it offers. When it comes to polymers filled with wood particles there are essentially two major limiting factors that controls the final products end user applications; 1) diffusion and 2) sorption/solvent uptake of (especially moisture) the product, since these two processes lead to property degradation in the composite materials. The properties and end use application of a given product can be predicted thorough the knowledge of the parameters like diffusion, sorption and permeation coefficients. Transport (sorption, diffusion & permeation) properties of wood plastic composites (WPC’s) are now a day’s one of the most intensively researched areas owing to its significance in materials science. Liquid transport through plastics is one of the most extensively researched fields in materials science. Present chapter provides a brief insight into the transport (mainly moisture/water) properties of wood/plastic composites. Keywords: Wood particles, wood plastic composites, diffusion coefficient

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