Tar-Polyurethane Joint Coating for the Three-Layer Polyethylene Pipeline Coating

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Surface Preparation ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Coating System ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
History Of Use ◽  
Key Steps

This article describes a new joint coating system implemented by Bechtel for a major international, 48 inch diameter gas pipeline. Despite the long history of use as a pipe and valve coating, the new implementation is the industry’s first significant use of a thermoset hot spray coating applied to field weld areas of pipe, mill coated with a three layer polyethylene system. In the laboratory and in field trials, the coating demonstrated integrity, was applied much quicker than the traditional heat shrink sleeve, and eliminated several application contingencies. Laboratory investigations undertaken in Houston, Texas and Lyon, France were key steps in selecting the 100% solids tar-polyurethane coating. Additionally, the testing assisted in developing the surface preparation technique, and demonstrating the coating’s ability to adhere to the polyethylene coating as well as the steel pipe. Serious localized corrosion, and cathodic protection shielding associated with other joint coatings are less probable with the new joint coating system. Actual field cathodic protection testing indicated very low current consumption for the completed pipeline. The efficient joint coating operation contributed to setting new construction records.

No Pipe Body Downgrades - Improved Corrosion Mitigation Coating System Provides Significant Operator Savings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buck Johnson ◽  
Timothy Cappel ◽  
Greg Elliott ◽  
Leianne Sanclemente ◽  
Greg Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Preparation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Development Effort ◽  
Coating System ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Coating Application ◽  
Repair Costs ◽  
Testing Field ◽  
Operational Issues ◽  
External Coating

Abstract Objectives/Scope Tubulars used in completion and intervention riser applications are exposed to both the marine environment and corrosive oilfield chemicals, including salt-based completion brines. Eight years of field history from one company shows a loss of $24.3 million from pipe body downgrades due to corrosion and pitting in these salt-based environments. Methods, Procedures, Process This paper documents an extensive development effort spanning over eight years including: research of completion parameters and environments, evaluation of 18 potential external coating/salt neutralization products, multiple lab tests, field trials, as well as testing surface preparation methods, coating application, dry time and adhesion tests. The development of application procedures and construction of an external coating facility are discussed as are rig pipe washing systems and corrosion mitigation procedures. Results, Observations, Conclusions The result is an improved corrosion mitigation coating system. A modified epoxy phenolic internal coating combined with a metallic-based, moisture-cure polyurethane encapsulating external coating. Since 2015, over 1,700,000 feet, 44,000 joints, of completion and intervention tubulars utilizing this system have been deployed with zero pipe body downgrades due to corrosion or pitting, and zero operational issues. In addition to reducing replacement cost and loss of capital, this system provides the ability for longer deployment of the pipe on a multiple well program reducing logistics costs. Novel/Additive Information Extensive research, testing, field trials, and successful field deployments have resulted in an improved corrosion mitigation coating system providing significant savings to operators. Pipe body downgrades due to pitting and corrosion have been eliminated. Improved corrosion resistance has allowed multiple-well deployments reducing shipping, inspection, and repair costs. Ultimately this results in longer life of the tubulars reducing total cost of ownership.

Effect of Transitions in the Water Table and Soil Moisture Content on the Cathodic Protection of Buried Pipelines

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fraser King ◽  
Russell Given ◽  
Robert G. Worthingham ◽  
Greg Van Boven
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
High Resistivity ◽  
Buried Pipelines ◽  
Pipe Surface ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
O2 Concentration

Buried pipelines can be subject to transitional environments due to changes in soil type or moisture content. Changes in the height of the water table, for example, will affect not only the availability of water but also the access of oxygen to the pipe surface. Transitions between different soil types will also result in different exposure conditions for different parts of the pipe. These variations can affect the distribution of potential on the pipe surface and the ability of the CP system to provide adequate protection. A combination of laboratory-scale soil box tests and field measurements on operating pipelines has been used to study the effect of varying moisture content and water level on the level of cathodic protection and on pipe-depth environmental conditions. In both laboratory tests and field trials, the degree of protection was found to depend on the availability of cathodic reactants (O2 and/or H2O). Ingress of O2 results in a positive shift in potential as more current is required to electrochemically reduce the oxidant and the pipe is less easily polarized. Under some circumstances, the ingress of water has the same effect. Although more aerobic conditions lead to more positive potentials, the pipe is not necessarily less well protected. In many dry and/or high resistivity soils, the pipe surface may well be passive because of the high interfacial pH and/or high O2 concentration.

FIELD MEASUREMENT OF DROPLET DRIFT FROM GROUND SPRAYERS. I. SAMPLING, ANALYTICAL, AND DATA INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. GROVER ◽  
L. A. KERR ◽  
J. MAYBANK ◽  
K. YOSHIDA
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Integration Techniques ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

A procedure for the evaluation of ground deposits and droplet drift characteristics from a typical farm sprayer under actual field conditions is described. It involves sampling both the ground deposits on the swath and the air-borne cloud mass, the latter at various heights and distances downwind from the target area. The system was evaluated with the commonly used 65° flat-fan nozzles operated at 280 kPa which provided an application rate of 0.56 kg/ha of 2,4-D amine (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) in 56 ℓ water/ha. The spray solution also contained a fluorescent dye as a tracer. A portable meteorological station, where a number of meteorological parameters can be measured or recorded during the course of a field trial, is also described. Results of four field trials are presented with discussion regarding on-swath deposit density and its distribution over the swath, off-swath drifting cloud mass and its deposition and decay as a function of distance, and mass balance.

Influence of Surface Condition on the Bonding Strength of Thermal Sprayed Coatings

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.Yu. Ulianitsky ◽  
J.A. Nikolaev ◽  
T.P. Gavrilenko ◽  
M.C. Kim ◽  
J.W. Hong
Keyword(s):  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Surface Preparation ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Thermal Spray Coating ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Detonation Spraying ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Detonation Gun

Abstract The role of surface roughness in coating adhesion mechanism is studying for detonation spraying. Roughness was produced by conventional grit blasting, D-gun blasting and was formed as a result of spraying of high-adhesive thin layer of detonation coating. Cermet and alloy powders were sprayed by detonation gun Ob. The coating bonding strength measurements show the WC+25Co adhesion to be above 200 MPa independently of a substrate surface preparation. Contrary, NiCrSiB coatings are very sensitive to surface conditions their adhesion varies from 180 MPa to zero. As-sprayed alloy particles fail in adherence because of insufficient energy to fuse substrate material at a flat surface. Only developed (wide scale) roughness may be fused partially by these particles for their bonding to the substrate. Otherwise, high heated cermet particles do not need special surface preparation (except cleaning) for fusion of substrate material to provide high bonding with it. The wide scale and ball shape roughness, which is similar to the self-reproduced coating roughness, provides the best conditions for the coating bonding and it is recommended as the purpose of surface treatment before thermal spray coating.

Thermal Spray for Corrosion Control: A Competitive Edge for Commercial Shipbuilding

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 53-55
Author(s):  
Frank S. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Spray ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Thermal Spraying ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Thermal Spray Coating ◽  
Coating System ◽  
Protection Mechanism ◽  
Arc Spray ◽  
Spray System

Thermal spraying of steel with aluminum to protect it from corrosion is a technology that has been proven to work in the marine environment. The thermal spray coating system includes a paint sealer that is applied over the thermally sprayed aluminum; this extends the service life of the coating, and provides color to the end product. The thermal spray system protects steel both through the principle of isolation (as in painting) and galvanization (as in galvanizing). With this dual protection mechanism, steel is protected from corrosion even when the coating is damaged. The thermal sprayed aluminum coating system has proven to be the most cost-effective corrosion protection system for the marine environment. Until recently, however, the initial cost of application has limited its use for general application. Today a new arc spray technology has reduced the application cost of thermal spraying aluminum to below that of painting. Commercial shipbuilders could use this technology to enhance their market position in the marine industry.

Assessment of Internal Tubular Coating Using Flow Loop

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muzdalifah Zakaria ◽  
Shalabi A. M Sauri
Keyword(s):  
Test Section ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Fluid Velocity ◽  
Surface Preparation ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Bend Section ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Coating Performance ◽  
Abrasion Test ◽  
Actual Field

Abstract Assessment of coating performance under flowing condition by using a proprietary flow loop system has been established. The 2 3/8" flow loop was designed to maintain a flow rate of 0.03-0.04 m3/sec, pressure of 3300kPa and temperature of 150°C to simulate actual field condition. Test section consisting of two 35" straight tubes with 45° elbow was internally coated and connected to the flow loop which was run continuously for 14 days with deionized water under the specified test condition. Upon completion, visual inspection, EIS and linear abrasion test were done on the test section to evaluate the coating integrity post exposure. Small blisters were noted at the elbow section potentially due to the improper surface preparation and/or higher fluid velocity at the bend section. Impedance value of 107 Ω/cm2 is a magnitude higher than the acceptance limit of 106 Ω/cm2 while abrasion resistance was found less than the set limit of <100mg/1000 cycles. The flow loop test has been shown to be a reliable tool to evaluate the effect of wall shear stress and fluid erosion on internal tubular coating.

PVD Coated Tools and Surface-Structured Workpieces in Dry Cold Forming of Steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 404 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Kirsten Bobzin ◽  
Tobias Brögelmann ◽  
Nathan Christopher Kruppe ◽  
Thomas Bergs ◽  
Patrick Mattfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Hard Coatings ◽  
Friction Reduction ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Coating System ◽  
Punch Force ◽  
Cold Forming ◽  
Die Geometry ◽  
Tool Coating

Cold forming, particularly forward impact extrusion, is used for mass production of steel components. To ensure robust forming processes, the workpieces are usually phosphated and then soaped as well as mineral oil-based lubricants are used. As these lubricants are often harmful to the environment and health, alternative approaches are to be investigated from an ecological, economic and legislative perspective. To achieve dry, lubricant-free cold forming of steel, two approaches are being pursued here. The tool-sided approach focuses on self-lubricating hard coatings, which are deposited on the forming tools by means of physical vapor deposition (PVD). The developed coating system CrAlN+Mo:S is synthesized in an industrial coating unit by a hybrid sputtering process, which combines direct current (DC) and high power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HPPMS) technology. The coating consists of a hard matrix CrAlN which is modified by Mo and S to provide friction reduction due to the in situ formation of MoS2 reaction layers under tribological load. The workpiece-sided approach focuses on the surface structuring by shot peening with various peening materials and particle shapes. In order to evaluate the influence of the self-lubricating tool coating CrAlN+Mo:S and the various workpiece topographies, dry full forward impact extrusion tests were carried out in an industrial scale with coated and uncoated tools. On the one hand, a one-shouldered die geometry and on the other hand a two-shouldered die geometry were tested. The field trials reveal that for both die geometries, the tool coating significantly reduces the punch force and the wear compared to the uncoated dies. Depending on the workpiece topography, it was shown that a smoother surface leads to reduced adhesive wear. Furthermore, it was proven that the dies with an opening diameter of D = 31.4 mm and an outlet diameter of d = 20.7 mm could be coated continuously over a length of l = 50 mm on the entire inner surface. After the dry field trials, the CrAlN+Mo:S coating remained completely intact. Hence, the developed coating system CrAlN+Mo:S exhibits great potential to conduct dry, lubricant-free cold forming of steel at industrial scale.

Laboratory Mortality and Mycosis of Adult Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Following Application of Metarhizium anisopliae in the Laboratory or Field

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Shapiro-llan ◽  
Ted E. Cottrell ◽  
Wayne A. Gardner ◽  
Jarrod Leland ◽  
Robert W. Behle
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Metarhizium Anisopliae ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Ground Treatment ◽  
Laboratory Screening ◽  
Actual Field ◽  
Field Suppression

The pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), is a key pest of pecans. The entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin are pathogenic to C. caryae. One approach to suppressing this pest may be to apply entomopathogenic fungi to adult C. caryae when they are emerging from the soil. However, thus far, laboratory screening of fungal isolates has been focused mostly on virulence to larval C. caryae, and published field trials on adult control have focused on application of B. bassiana. Our objective was to determine the potential of M. anisopliae to control emerging C. caryae adults. First, a laboratory test was conducted to compare 4 B. bassiana strains (Bb GA2, BbLA3, BbMS1, and GHA) and 3 M. anisopliae strains (F52, MaLA4, and MaLA7) for virulence to C. caryae adults. Virulence of the M. anisopliae strains was equal or greater than B. bassiana strains. Subsequently, a commercially available M. anisopliae strain (F52) was tested under field conditions when applied as a narrow fiber band that was impregnated with fungus and wrapped around the tree trunk, and/or when applied directly to the soil. In 2005, we applied M. anisopliae as trunk bands with or without additional application to the soil in the same plots. In 2006, we applied trunk bands or soil applications in separate plots. For 15 d posttreatment, weevils were trapped and transported to the laboratory to record mortality and mycosis. In 2005, weevil emergence was extremely low and statistical analysis was only feasible 3d posttreatment (at which time no treatment differences were detected), and 15 d posttreatment, at which time higher mortality and mycosis was observed in both the trunk band application and the trunk band + ground treatment compared with a nontreated control (and no difference between the two fungal treatments was detected). In 2006 overall average C. caryae mycosis was higher in trunk band and ground treatment compared with an untreated control, whereas average total mortality (from the fungus or other causes) was not different among treatments except at 8 d post treatment (in which only the band treatment was significantly greater than the control). It must be noted that our evaluation of efficacy was only an estimation of potential insect control (as opposed to actual field suppression of C. caryae) because our analysis was based on C. caryae mortality following transport to controlled environmental conditions. Nonetheless, our research indicates that trunk band or ground applications of M. anisopliae may have potential to cause significant infection in C. caryae populations.

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