MX2 Processor Module: Twice the Processors in Half the Volume

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Belady ◽  
Gary Williams ◽  
Shaun Harris
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Power Converter ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Physical Volume ◽  
Performance Per Watt ◽  
Innovative Solution ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Processor Module ◽  
Better Than

Computer manufacturer’s are constantly trying to tweek more performance out of their existing products by using the highest performing processors. Typically, manufacturers upgrade the platforms by simply replacing the old processor with the latest speed processor. Like other manufacturers, HP generally follows this practice with the exception ot HP’s innovative mx2 module. This unique module used two Itanium-2 “Madison” processors packaged in the same physical volume as a single Itanium-2 processor. In addition, the module plugs into a standard Itanium-2 motherboard socket and requires no additional power capacity. As a result, the development team was able get 50% more performance [1] from a socket without increasing power by actively managing the power to the two processors. Thus, the performance per watt was substantially improved. This paper will provide an overview of some of the key packaging and power innovations that made the processor module a reality such as: 1) mezzanine power for space savings. The standard Itanium 2 processor has a power converter adjacent to the processor. HP engineers chose to put power on top of the processor which provided more room but made cooling the processors a challenge. 2) high performance mechnical gap filler. One of the biggest issues in the module was to develop a thermal gap filler that absorbed 0.060” of tolerance between the two processors. The thermal resistance of this technology was an order of magnitude better than anything commercially available in the industry. 3) Power Aware Architecture. This newly developed power mangement technology actively controls power to the processors. When system (thermal and power) extremes were exceeded by worst case abnormal code, the performance was throttled down until the worst case scenario had past. The combination of these advancements has delivered an innovative solution for a highly challenging design problem. This module is now shipping as the mx2 processor module in HP’s Integrity Servers and has been viewed as an engineering marvel by HP executives.

A Model Predictive Framework for Thermal Management of Aircraft

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy O. Deppen ◽  
Joel E. Hey ◽  
Andrew G. Alleyne ◽  
Timothy S. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Thermal Loads ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Transient Thermal

The challenge of managing heat dissipation and enforcing operational constraints on temperature within a high-performance tactical aircraft is considered. For these systems, power density of the electrical equipment and the associated thermal loads are quickly outpacing the means of conventional thermal management systems (TMS) to provide on-demand cooling and in order to prevent thermal run away. The next generation of tactical aircraft is projected to include an order of magnitude greater thermal and electrical power magnitudes, and the time scale over which thermal loads will change is expected to shrink. To meet this rapidly evolving challenge, designing a TMS for the “worst case” scenario based on a steady-state thermal analysis will be infeasible. Rather, a holistic systems perspective is needed with new control methodologies that capture and even exploit the transient thermal behavior. To this end, a model predictive control strategy is presented that utilizes preview of upcoming loads and disturbances to prevent violation of temperature constraints. A simulation case study demonstrates that the predictive thermal controller can dramatically reduce constraint violations while reducing the work required by the TMS when compared to a cascaded PI feedback controller.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Mycotoxins in Ready-to-Eat Tree Nut Products through Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with High Resolution Q-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Alfonso Narváez ◽  
Yelko Rodríguez-Carrasco ◽  
Luigi Castaldo ◽  
Luana Izzo ◽  
Giulia Graziani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Health State ◽  
Fungal Contamination ◽  
Alternariol Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Tree Nut ◽  
Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

Tree nuts have become popular snacks due to their attributed benefits in the health state. Nevertheless, their susceptibility to fungal contamination lead to the occurrence of potentially dangerous mycotoxins. Hence, the aim of this work was to evaluate the presence of mycotoxins in ready-to-eat almonds, walnuts, and pistachios from Italian markets. The most relevant mycotoxin found in almonds was α-zearalanol in 18% of samples (n = 17) ranging from 3.70 to 4.54 µg/kg. Walnut samples showed frequent contamination with alternariol, present in 53% of samples (n = 22) at levels from 0.29 to 1.65 µg/kg. Pistachios (n = 15) were the most contaminated commodity, with β-zearalenol as the most prevalent toxin present in 59% of samples ranging from 0.96 to 8.60 µg/kg. In the worst-case scenario, the exposure to zearalenone-derived forms accounted for 15.6% of the tolerable daily intake, whereas it meant 12.4% and 21.2% of the threshold of toxicological concern for alternariol and alternariol monomethyl-ether, respectively. The results highlighted the extensive presence of Alternaria toxins and zearalenone-derived forms, scarcely studied in ready-to-eat tree nut products, highlighting the necessity to include these mycotoxins in analytical methods to perform more realistic risk assessments.

scholarly journals What Do Publishers Know?

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-520
Author(s):  
Casey Brienza
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Publishing Industry ◽  
Academic Publishing ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Short Contribution ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
The One ◽  
Better Than

In this short contribution to the open access debate, I will draw upon my expertise as a sociologist who has studied the publishing industry to argue that publishers do in fact have knowledge that is absolutely critical to an informed understanding of open access and how it may be successfully implemented. After providing an overview of who publishers are and what motivates them, along with some of often little-understood complexities of the academic publishing industry, I focus upon the one important thing that publishers understand very well—and far better than most academics—how publishing is funded. I then discuss why collaboration, not competition, between publishers and academics is the only real way forward and conclude with a warning to fellow academics that casually dismissing their potential contribution is both counterproductive and, in the worst case scenario, may threaten the future flourishing of our profession.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Grajewski ◽  
Robert Kosicki ◽  
Magdalena Twarużek ◽  
Anna Błajet-Kosicka
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Beer Consumption ◽  
Food Consumption Data ◽  
The Mean

Poland is one of Europe’s leading producers and exporters of beer. The study, herein, describes the measurement of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and zearalenone levels in 69 Polish beers. Analytical methodologies based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and fluorescence detection were developed, validated, and used to perform the above determinations. The most prevalent mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol (96%), ochratoxin A (93%), and HT-2 toxin (74%), respectively. Three quarters of the samples contained at least three analytes. The mean ochratoxin A concentration was 0.057 (SD 0.065) ng/mL, and in four beer samples its level exceeded 0.2 ng/mL, a value postulated in the literature to be the maximum limit. Deoxynivalenol was found at a maximum level of 56.2 ng/mL, and its mean concentration was 17.1 (SD 9.0) ng/mL. An evaluation of the estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from beer in different European populations was made using food-consumption data prepared by WHO. Based on the mean ochratoxin A concentration in beers, the EDI represented 0.8–1.1% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI), while in a worst-case scenario (maximum concentration) it reached 5.0–7.5% of TDI. For deoxynivalenol, the EDI was in the range of 4.1–6.0% of TDI, whereas, based on maximum values, it reached the level of 14–21% of TDI. There were no significant differences between “scenarios” in the HT-2 case (mean—5.0–7.5% of TDI; maximum—6.5–9.7% of TDI) due to the fact that its concentration was near the limit of quantification (LOQ) value taken for calculation. The significance of these results are discussed, herein.

Analysis of Airflow Diversion in a System of Integrated Electrical Components

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Montgomery ◽  
Dion L. Minter ◽  
Elaine P. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Heat Sink ◽  
Convection Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Power Converter ◽  
System Level ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Over The Top

The task of system-level thermal management in electrical systems has never been simple and has only become more difficult in recent years as industry pushes toward devices with higher power densities. A common practice in many power electronic devices is to use an aluminum heat sink along with at least one cooling fan. This paper presents a parametric study that was performed on a DC-DC power converter to determine the thermal response of heat dissipating components when the incoming cool air is diverted. The scenarios that are investigated include diverting the air to flow only over the top of the heat sink and diverting the air to flow only over the top of the heat sink and diverting the air to flow only through the heat sink. The analysis performed in this paper was done so using IDEAS, a three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) program that allows the user to simulate the affects of conduction and convection heat transfer in a forced-air cooling environment. To divert the incoming air, a plate was inserted into the model between the heat sink and the two inlet fans such that the fans were partitioned into four sections. The amount of air that each fan section produced was governed, thus diverting the air to flow in pre-specified areas. The study looked at six scenarios, each with its own unique volumetric flow setting. The scenario that involved diverting all of the air to flow through the fins of the heat sink proved to cause the lowest system-wide temperatures. This best-case scenario reduced the maximum system temperature by nearly 50% from the worst-case scenario.

scholarly journals High Performance Biological Pairwise Sequence Alignment: FPGA versus GPU versus Cell BE versus GPP

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Benkrid ◽  
Ali Akoglu ◽  
Cheng Ling ◽  
Yang Song ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Alignment ◽  
Reconfigurable Computing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Alignment Algorithm ◽  
Pairwise Sequence Alignment ◽  
Performance Per Watt ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
General Purpose Processors

This paper explores the pros and cons of reconfigurable computing in the form of FPGAs for high performance efficient computing. In particular, the paper presents the results of a comparative study between three different acceleration technologies, namely, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), Graphics Processor Units (GPUs), and IBM’s Cell Broadband Engine (Cell BE), in the design and implementation of the widely-used Smith-Waterman pairwise sequence alignment algorithm, with general purpose processors as a base reference implementation. Comparison criteria include speed, energy consumption, and purchase and development costs. The study shows that FPGAs largely outperform all other implementation platforms on performance per watt criterion and perform better than all other platforms on performance per dollar criterion, although by a much smaller margin. Cell BE and GPU come second and third, respectively, on both performance per watt and performance per dollar criteria. In general, in order to outperform other technologies on performance per dollar criterion (using currently available hardware and development tools), FPGAs need to achieve at least two orders of magnitude speed-up compared to general-purpose processors and one order of magnitude speed-up compared to domain-specific technologies such as GPUs.

scholarly journals What Do Publishers Know?

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-520
Author(s):  
Casey Brienza
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Publishing Industry ◽  
Academic Publishing ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Short Contribution ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
The One ◽  
Better Than

In this short contribution to the open access debate, I will draw upon my expertise as a sociologist who has studied the publishing industry to argue that publishers do in fact have knowledge that is absolutely critical to an informed understanding of open access and how it may be successfully implemented. After providing an overview of who publishers are and what motivates them, along with some of often little-understood complexities of the academic publishing industry, I focus upon the one important thing that publishers understand very well—and far better than most academics—how publishing is funded. I then discuss why collaboration, not competition, between publishers and academics is the only real way forward and conclude with a warning to fellow academics that casually dismissing their potential contribution is both counterproductive and, in the worst case scenario, may threaten the future flourishing of our profession.

Advances in imaging SIMS studies of stained and BrdU-labelled human metaphase chromosomes

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 932-933
Author(s):  
R. Levi-Setti ◽  
J. M. Chabala ◽  
R. Espinosa ◽  
M. M. Le Beau
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Analytical Sensitivity ◽  
Metaphase Chromosomes ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Sector Mass Spectrometer ◽  
Staining Methods ◽  
The University ◽  
Secondary Ion ◽  
Better Than

We have shown previously that isotope-labelled nucleotides in human metaphase chromosomes can be detected and mapped by imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), using the University of Chicago high resolution scanning ion microprobe (UC SIM). These early studies, conducted with BrdU- and 14C-thymidine-labelled chromosomes via detection of the Br and 28CN- (14C14N-> labelcarrying signals, provided some evidence for the condensation of the label into banding patterns along the chromatids (SIMS bands) reminiscent of the well known Q- and G-bands obtained by conventional staining methods for optical microscopy. The potential of this technique has been greatly enhanced by the recent upgrade of the UC SIM, now coupled to a high performance magnetic sector mass spectrometer in lieu of the previous RF quadrupole mass filter. The high transmission of the new spectrometer improves the SIMS analytical sensitivity of the microprobe better than a hundredfold, overcoming most of the previous imaging limitations resulting from low count statistics.

Reducing Probabilistic Weather Forecasts to the Worst Case Scenario: Anchoring Effects

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Savelli ◽  
Susan Joslyn ◽  
Limor Nadav-Greenberg ◽  
Queena Chen
Keyword(s):  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Worst Case Scenario ◽  
Anchoring Effects

EXPEDITION TO MALI, 2020

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-28
Author(s):  
D. V. Vaniukova ◽  
◽  
P. A. Kutsenkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Murder ◽  
The State ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Traditional Art ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
State Museum ◽  
Bobo Dioulasso ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
The Village

The research expedition of the Institute of Oriental studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences has been working in Mali since 2015. Since 2017, it has been attended by employees of the State Museum of the East. The task of the expedition is to study the transformation of traditional Dogon culture in the context of globalization, as well as to collect ethnographic information (life, customs, features of the traditional social and political structure); to collect oral historical legends; to study the history, existence, and transformation of artistic tradition in the villages of the Dogon Country in modern conditions; collecting items of Ethnography and art to add to the collection of the African collection of the. Peter the Great Museum (Kunstkamera, Saint Petersburg) and the State Museum of Oriental Arts (Moscow). The plan of the expedition in January 2020 included additional items, namely, the study of the functioning of the antique market in Mali (the “path” of things from villages to cities, which is important for attributing works of traditional art). The geography of our research was significantly expanded to the regions of Sikasso and Koulikoro in Mali, as well as to the city of Bobo-Dioulasso and its surroundings in Burkina Faso, which is related to the study of migrations to the Bandiagara Highlands. In addition, the plan of the expedition included organization of a photo exhibition in the Museum of the village of Endé and some educational projects. Unfortunately, after the mass murder in March 2019 in the village of Ogossogou-Pel, where more than one hundred and seventy people were killed, events in the Dogon Country began to develop in the worst-case scenario: The incessant provocations after that revived the old feud between the Pel (Fulbe) pastoralists and the Dogon farmers. So far, this hostility and mutual distrust has not yet developed into a full-scale ethnic conflict, but, unfortunately, such a development now seems quite likely.

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